128,542 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Phylogeography reveals a potential cryptic invasion in the Southern Hemisphere of Ceratophyllum demersum, New Zealand's worst invasive macrophyte
No full textCeratophyllum demersum (common hornwort) is presently considered the worst invasive submerged aquatic macrophyte in New Zealand. We explored the global phylogeographic pattern of the species, based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA, in order to identify the origin of the invasive populations in New Zealand and to clarify if there were multiple introductions. The phylogeographic study identified geographically differentiated gene pools in North America, tropical Asia, Australia, and South Africa, likely native to these regions, and a recent dispersal event of a Eurasian-related haplotype to North America, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa. At least two different invasive genotypes of this Eurasian-related haplotype have been found in New Zealand. One genotype is closely related to genotypes in Australia and South Africa, while we could not trace the closest relatives of the other genotype within our C. demersum sample set. Contrasting spectra of genetic distances in New Zealand and in a region within the native range (Denmark), suggest that the invasive population was founded by vegetative reproduction, seen as low genetic distances among genotypes. We also discovered the introduction of the same Eurasian-related haplotype in Australia and South Africa and that a cryptic invasion may be occurring in these continents
The interplay of temperature and protons in the modulation of oxygen binding by squid blood
No full textAn extensive set of data relating to the binding of oxygen by haemocyanin from the squid Todarodes sagittatus has been collected under various experimental conditions. The results obtained show that, within the range of physiological pH, the concentration of protons affects mainly the high-affinity state of the molecule without significantly affecting the low-affinity state. As far as the effect of temperature is concerned, the data show a characteristic feature which is very similar to that previously described in the case of haemoglobins from Arctic mammals such as reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) and musk ox. (Ovibos moschatus). The shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve shows strong temperature-dependence, since the overall heat of the binding of oxygen to the low-affinity state of the molecule is strongly exothermic and that to the high-affinity state is very close to zero. The results provide an outline of the intramolecular compromise that, through the interplay of temperature and protons, optimizes the loading and unloading of oxygen under the various environmental conditions experienced by this species of squid
Pseudomesus satanus Kaiser & Brix, 2007, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Pseudomesus satanus</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs 7–9)</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> Holotype: Ψ (preparatory, 1.7 mm), Australian continental slope, 38°23.95'S, 149°17.02'E, RV <i>Franklin</i>, Station SLOPE 67, 1277– 1119 m, leg. G.C.B Poore, NMV J18597.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Body</i> length 6.2 times longer than width of pereonite 2. <i>Cephalothorax</i> with 2 cephalic spines and a row of small setae on frons. <i>Antennula</i> with 5 articles, article 2 length 3.4 times width, 1.5 times article 1 length; with serration resembling 4 “teeth” and with 3 broom setae distally. <i>Pleotelson</i> inflated dorsally, length subequal width, lateral margins convex, tapering to posterior margin. <i>Uropods</i> uniramous, bulbous, not overlapping posterior margin of pleotelson, overlapping anus valves; endopod length 1.5 times protopod length, 1.9 times longer than wide.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> <i>Habitus</i> of female holotype (Fig. 7 A): <i>Body</i> 1.7 mm long (measured without appendages), length 6.2 times pereonite 2 width. Pereonite 1 width 1.1 times cephalothorax width in dorsal view. <i>Frons clypeal furrow</i> present, 2 cephalic spines and a row of small setae on frons. <i>Pereonite 1</i> length 0.8 times pereonite 2 length, 1.1 times pereonite 2 width. Pereonite 5 anterior and lateral margins straight. <i>Coxae</i> 1–4 slightly produced, without setae. <i>Pleotelson</i> dorsally inflated, length 1.2 times width, posterolateral spines absent. Lateral margins convex, tapering towards posterior margin.</p> <p> <i>Antennula</i> (Fig. 7 B) about 0.25 mm long, length 0.2 times body length, with 5 articles. Article 1 with 3 broom setae. Article 2 length 3.4 times width, 1.5 times article 1 length; with serration resembling 4 “teeth” and 3 broom setae distally (1 broken off). Article 3 with 1 small “tooth”; article 4 with 1 broom seta; terminal article with 1 aesthetasc and 2 slender setae terminally.</p> <p> <i>Antenna</i> (Fig. 7 C) about 1 mm long, length 0.8 times body length; with 6 peduncular and 9 flagellar articles. Article 5 with 2 broom setae and 2 simple setae. Article 6 with 1 large and 3 small broom setae and with 1 slender and 2 small setae distally. Flagellar articles 1–8 with 2 slender setae each; terminal article with 4 long slender setae distally.</p> <p> <i>Mandibles</i> (Fig. 7 E): left mandible was not dissected from the holotype. Palp articles 1 and 2 of right mandible without setae; apical article with 9 ventral setae, distal one longest. Incisor with 1 strong tooth. Lacinia mobilis with 3 small teeth; spine row with 5 spines. Molar with 10 slender setae.</p> <p> Inner lobe of <i>Maxillula</i> (Fig. 7 F) slightly smaller than outer lobe (lost during dissection). Outer lobe length 4.1 times width, dorsal margin with 6 pairs of fine setae, ventral margin with 6 small simple setae, terminally with 11 strong spines (4 of them with setules).</p> <p> Medial lobe of <i>Maxilla</i> (Fig. 7 G) shorter than outer lobes; without setae terminally, with 7 fine setae marginally. Outer lobe length 6.8 times width, with 3 setae terminally.</p> <p> Left and right <i>maxilliped</i> (Fig. 7 D) connected by 2 retinacula. Epipodite length 3.6 times width, length 1.1 times endite length. Endite with numerous fine setae marginally and terminally. Edge of endite and palpal articles 1 and 2 fringed with a row of fine setae and 1 seta on tip. Article 1 length 0.6 times width; article 2 length 1.1 times width; article 3 length 0.9 times width, inner margin with 5 setae, outer margin with 2 setae; article 4 length 1.3 times width, with 3 setae; article 5 length 2 times width, with 3 terminal setae.</p> <p> <i>Pereopod 1</i> (Fig. 8 A) basis length 3.8 times width; with 1 broom seta and 1 small seta marginally and with 1 simple seta distoventrally. Ischium length 2.5 times width; with 1 composed seta dorsally and 1 small seta ventrally. Merus length 1.5 times width; with 1 composed and 1 simple seta distodorsally and with 2 unequally bifid distally setulate setae and 1 comb of fine setules in cuticular membrane ventrally. Carpus length 4.4 times width; with 1 small seta distodorsally and with 3 unequally bifid distally setulate setae and 3 combs of fine setules inserted in cuticular membrane ventrally. Propodus length 2.9 times width; with 1 small seta distodorsally and with few small slender setae, fringed with fine setules inserted in cuticular membrane, ventrally. Dactylus length 4.2 times width; with 3 small slender setae medially; unguis with 1 robust cuspidate and 1 conate seta and with 2 slender setae in between.</p> <p> <i>Pereopod 2</i> (Fig. 8 B) similar to pereopods 3 and 4 (Fig. 8 C, 9A). Basis length 3.5 times width; with 1 small broom seta dorsally and 3 small setae ventrally. Ischium length 2.8 times width; with dorsal hook and 1 small seta ventrally. Merus length 1.2 times width; with 1 seta distodorsally (broken off) and 1 small seta distoventrally. Carpus length 4.4 times width; with 2 slender simple setae dorsally and with 5 robust unequally bifid setae and 6 combs of fine setules inserted in cuticular membrane ventrally. Propodus length 2.9 times width; with 1 small broom seta distodorsally and with 2 robust unequally bifid setae fringed with fine setules inserted in cuticular membrane ventrally. Dactylus length 4.2 times width; with 3 small slender setae medially; unguis with 1 conate seta dorsally and 2 slender setae ventrally.</p> <p> <i>Pereopod 5</i> (Fig. 9 B) similar to pereopods 6 and 7 (Fig. 9 C–D). Basis length 5.3 times width; with 3 broom setae dorsally, with 2 small seta ventrally. Ischium length 3.5 times width; with 1 dorsal hook. Merus length 2 times width; with 2 robust setae distodorsally and with 1 small seta distoventrally. Carpus length 5.6 times width; with 1 small broom seta and 1 small seta distodorsally and with 2 long slender setae and 3 combs of fine setules inserted in cuticular membrane ventrally. Propodus length 5.1 times width; with 1 small broom seta and 1 long slender seta distodorsally and with 4 slender setae of varying size and 1 comb of fine setules inserted in cuticular membrane ventrally. Dactylus length 5 times width; unguis with 1 long conate seta dorsally and 2 slender setae ventrally.</p> <p> <i>Pleopod 2</i> (operculum, Fig. 8 D) length 1.1 times width; margins rounded, with 4 slender setae on distal margin.</p> <p> Endopod of <i>pleopod 3</i> (Fig. 8 E) length 1.2 times width; with 3 long plumose setae distally. Exopod length 0.6 times endopod length; inner margin hirsute, with 1 small seta distally.</p> <p> Endopod of <i>Pleopod 4</i> (Fig. 8 F) oval-shaped, length 2.3 times width. Exopod length 3.9 times width; outer margin with row of fine setae, with 1 long plumose seta distally.</p> <p> <i>Uropods</i> (Fig. 8 G) uniramous, bulbous, not overlapping posterior margin of pleotelson, overlapping anus valves. Endopod length 1.5 times protopod length, 1.9 times longer than wide; with 3 broom setae, 5 slender simple setae of varying size terminally. Protopod length 1.5 times width, with 3 slender setae.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Australian continental slope, South Pacific.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Only known from type locality.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The name <i>satanus</i> (masculine) refers to the devil-like cephalic spines at the cephalothorax of the new species.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Pseudomesus satanus</i> sp. nov. is assigned to the genus <i>Pseudomesus</i> due to the elongated body (more than 6 times pereonite 2 width), the enlarged dorsally inflated pleotelson, the extremely short uropods and the characters of the pereopod 1. This new species is most similar to <i>P. p i t o m b o</i> sp. nov., but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters: cephalothorax width 1.5 times length, anterior margin medially vaulted, with two cephalic spines and a row of small setae on frons; article 4 of antennula with 1 long broom seta; antenna with 9 flagellar articles; exopodit of maxilliped reaching fourth palpal article. Both species can be distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by the presence of a well developed mandibular palp.</p>Published as part of <i>Kaiser, Stefanie & Brix, Saskia, 2007, Two new species of the genus Pseudomesus Hansen, 1916 (Isopoda, Asellota) from the Southern hemisphere: Pseudomesus pitombo sp. nov. and Pseudomesus satanus sp. nov., pp. 21-38 in Zootaxa 1658</i> on pages 33-37, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/274018">10.5281/zenodo.274018</a>
Mandarin Market Segments Based on Consumer Sensory Evaluations
No full textNinety-five consumers in seven grocery stores tasted unidentified peeled sections of three mandarins (a tangerine, a satsuma, and a clementine), and provided demographic and purchase information. Forty-four percent of the respondents preferred tangerines, 34 percent satsumas, and 22 percent clementines. The probability of preferring each of type of mandarin was estimated from internal quality analysis of paired samples, as well as from demographic and purchase responses. Model simulations were used to recommend harvest standards for satsumas based on Brix-to-acid ratios.Demand and Price Analysis, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,
Pseudomesus pitombo Kaiser & Brix, 2007, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Pseudomesus pitombo</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs 1–6)</p> <p> <b>Material examined.</b> Holotype: 1 ɗ (adult, 1.5 mm), Angola Basin, 16°18.1`S, 005°27.2`E – 16°19.3`S, 005°527.2`E, RV <i>Meteor</i> (48/1), station 348, 5390– 5387 m, ZMH K–41066.</p> <p> Paratypes: 1 Ψ (preparatory, 3.4 mm), Angola Basin, 18°18.3`S, 004°41.3`E – 18°19.4`S, 004°41.9`E, RV <i>Meteor</i> (48/1), station 340, 5395 m, ZMH K–41067. 1 Ψ (juvenile, 1.8 mm), Angola Basin, 17°06.2`S, 004°41.7`E – 17°07.5`S, 004°42.3`E, RV <i>Meteor</i> (48/1), Station 344, 5415 m, ZMH K–41068.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Mandible</i> with palp; carpus and propodus of <i>pereopods 2–4</i> long and slender (length> 6.5 width); <i>coxa</i> 1 in female strongly produced, visible in dorsal view.</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> <i>Habitus</i> of male holotype (Fig. 1 A–B): <i>Body</i> approximately 1.5 mm long (measured without appendages), length 6.9 times pereonite 2 width. Surface alveolar structured, with few simple setae. <i>Pereonites</i> 1–4 increasing in length caudally; pereonite 2 widest, width 2.2 times length, about 1.2 times pereonite 1 width. Pereonite 1 about 3.5 times wider than long, 0.6 times pereonite 2 length; pereonite 3 almost twice as long as wide, width 0.8 times pereonite 2 width; pereonite 4 width times 1.5 length, lateral margin convex. <i>Pereonites 5–7</i> decreasing in length caudally. Pereonite 5 longest, length 3.5 times pereonite 1 length, as long as wide, width increasing caudally like in pereonites 6–7; anterior margin slightly concave, lateral margin straight. Pereonite 6 as wide as pereonite 2, lateral margins of pereonites 6–7 straight. Coxae 1–7 visible in dorsal view; coxa 1 tipped with a robust spine, coxae 2–4 each with slender seta. <i>Pleotelson</i> (Fig. 1 C) 0.2 times body length, 1.3 times wider than long, almost as wide as pereonite 2; anterior margin straight, posteriorly strongly bended, with two posterolateral spines, 0.7 from anterior margin, acute-angled, caudally bended. Anus laterally and caudally covered by anus valves. <i>Uropods</i> inserting closely to anus valves, covering them partially.</p> <p> <i>Cephalothorax</i> (Fig. 1 D) 1.3 times longer than wide, triangular, mediofrontally vaulted, posterior margin strongly convex.</p> <p> <i>Antennula</i> like in female.</p> <p> <i>Antenna</i> (Fig.1 E) robust, about 0.6 mm long; length 0.4 times body length, with six peduncular and 17 flagellar articles. Peduncular articles 1–4 short, articles 1, 2 and 4 of similar size, almost rectangular, article 3 length 1.7 times article 4 length, with 1 simple seta; article 5 length 2.4 times width, with 1 small seta distally; article 6 somewhat shorter than article 5, as long as article 1–4 together, length 2.3 times width, with 1 long and 2 short broom setae and 3 simple slender setae of varying size distally. Flagellar articles 1–17 decreasing in width and length distally; article 1 length 2.4 times article 2 length, as long as wide. Articles 1–10 with row of long, simple setae; some articles with 1–3 fine simple setae; article 17 with 5 long and 4 short slender setae terminally.</p> <p> <i>Pereopod 1</i> (Fig.1 A) more robust than pereopods 2–7; basis length 5.8 times width; with 1 small seta ventrally. Ischium 0.6 times basis length, 3.2 times longer than wide; with 1 small seta distodorsally. Merus about half of ischium length, 1.4 times longer than wide; with 2 setae of different size dorsally, with a ventral hook.</p> <p>Carpus length 3 times merus length, 4.4 times longer than wide; with row of fine hairs inserted in cuticular membrane and 3 robust unequally bifid setae ventrally. Propodus length 1.1 times carpus length, about 4 times longer than wide; with 1 simple seta distodorsally and a row of fine hairs inserted in cuticular membrane ventrally, with 2 short simple setae distally. Dactylus length 0.6 times propodus length, 5.3 times longer than wide; with 3 simple setae medially; unguis with 1 short robust cuspidate seta dorsally and 2 slender setae of same length ventrally.</p> <p> <i>Pereopods 2–4</i> (Fig. 2 B–D): basis of pereopods 2 and 3 missing; pereopod 4 basis length 6.8 times width; with 1 broom seta dorsally. Ischium of pereopods 2–4 length 4.3 times width; with 1 slender seta distodorsally, pereopod 4 with a proximal hook. Merus length 1.8 times width; with 1 long slender seta dorsally, pereopod 2 additionally with 1 short seta distally, pereopods 2–3 with 1 small, simple seta ventrally. Pereopods 2– 3 carpus length 6.5 times width, pereopod 4 carpus length 8.8 times width; pereopods 2–4 with 3–4 slender simple setae dorsally, decreasing in length distally, with row of fine hairs inserted in cuticular membrane ventrally, with 3–6 robust unequally bifid setae increasing in length distally. Propodus length about 6.8 times width; with 1–3 short simple setae dorsally, pereopods 2 and 3 with row of fine setules inserted in cuticular membrane and 2–3 short robust unequally bifid setae ventrally. Dactylus of pereopods 2–3 length 6 times width, of pereopod 4 length 5 times width; pereopod 2 and 4 with 2–4 small setae medially; claw of pereopods 2–4 length 0.3 times dactylus length, with 2 short cuspidate setae and 2 slender simple setae in between.</p> <p> <i>Pereopods 5–7</i> (Fig. 2 E–G) more slender than pereopods 1–4; basis of pereopod 6 missing, of pereopod 5 damaged proximally. Pereopod 7 basis length 7.1 times width, pereopod 5 and 7 with 1 slender simple seta and 2 broom setae dorsally, and with 1 short simple seta and 1 broom seta ventrally. Ischium of pereopod 5–7 length 4.3 times width; with 1 slightly produced hook dorsally and with 1 fine simple seta ventrally. Merus length twice width; with 1–2 dorsal and 1 ventral fine simple seta. Carpus length 7 times width; carpus and propodus with row of long and slender natatory setae; with 11 natatory setae on carpus and propodus; ventral row reduced; carpus of pereopod 6 with 4 long natatory setae ventrally, pereopods 5–7 additionally with 2 robust, composed setae and 1–2 slender simple setae ventrally. Propodus length 8.6 times width; with 5–6 long slender natatory setae ventrally and 3 somewhat shorter simple setae distally. Dactylus length 7 times width; unguis of pereopod 7 with 1 robust cuspidate seta dorsally and 1 slender somewhat longer seta ventrally.</p> <p> <i>Pleopod 1</i> (Fig. 1 F) long, proximally slender, width increasing distally. Lateral margins slightly concave with 1 fine seta; distal margin slightly concave, with some fine setae.</p> <p> Protopodit of <i>pleopod 2</i> (Fig. 1 G) length 2.6 times width; with 4 slender, simple setae distolaterally. Endopodite inserting 0.3 of distal tip; stylet length 0.8 times protopodite length, distal part slender, width 0.2 times proximal part width. Exopodite small, without setation.</p> <p> <i>Uropods</i> (Fig. 1 C) like in female.</p> <p> <b>Descriptive notes on males.</b> <i>Habitus</i> (Fig. 1 A–B) more slender than in female, coxae 1–5 more produced, coxae 1–7 visible in dorsal view. <i>Pereonites</i> 2 and 6 widest; <i>pleotelson</i> with 2 posterolateral spines. <i>Cephalothorax</i> longer than wide, anterior margin mediofrontally vaulted. <i>Antenna</i> (Fig. 1 E) more robust, flagellum setose, with 17 flagellar articles. <i>Pereopods 5–7</i> (Fig. 2 E–G) with long natatory setae on dorsal margin of carpus and propodus; ventral row reduced.</p> <p> <b>Description of paratype female.</b> <i>Habitus</i> (Fig. 3 A, C): <i>Body</i> 3.4 mm long, 5.3 times longer than width of pereonite 1; surface with few single setae. All <i>pereonites</i> free, dorsoventrally not considerably flattened; pereonites 1–4 decreasing in width and increasing in length caudally; pereonite 1 width 4.6 times length; pereonite 2 width 2.5 times length, pereonite 3 twice as long as wide; pereonite 4 width 1.6 times length. Pereonites 5–7 of same width, decreasing in length caudally; pereonite 5 longest, length 3.1 times pereonite 1 length, almost as long as wide, increasing in width caudally. Coxae 1 and 5–7 visible in dorsal view; coxa 1 tipped with 1 fine seta. <i>Pleotelson</i> (Fig. 6 H) length 0.2 times body length; 1.4 times longer than wide; width 0.8 times pereonite 1 width; anterior margin straight, posterior margin strongly bended. Anus laterally covered by anus valves; uropods inserting closely to the anus valves, covering them partially.</p> <p> <i>Cephalothorax</i> (Fig. 3 A, C) free, oval shaped; length 1.2 times width, about 0.2 times body length. Anterior margin almost straight, posterior margin strongly convex.</p> <p> <i>Antennula</i> (Fig. 4 C) 0.3 mm long; length 0.1 times body length, with 5 articles. Article 1 short, with 1 short broom seta and 1 seta broken off; article 2 length 1.6 times article 1 length, with 1 long broom seta distally. Article 3 length 0.3 times article 2 length. Article 4 length 0.25 times article 2 length, with 2 small simple setae. Terminal article minute; length 0.2 times article 2 length, with 3 long slender setae and 1 aesthetasc.</p> <p> <i>Antenna</i> (Figs 3 B, 4A) about 1.4 mm long, length 0.4 times body length, with 6 peduncular and 10 flagellar articles. Peduncular articles 1–4 short, articles 1, 2 and 4 of similar size; article 3 length twice article 4 length, with 1 small seta; articles 1–4 together as long as article 5. Article 5 length 4 times width, with 2 short setae distally. Article 6 length 1.3 times article 5 length, 6 times width, with 2 broom setae and 3 simple setae of varying size distally. Length of flagellar articles 1–10 decreasing distally; articles 1–9 with up to 4 fine setae distally, article 10 with 5 long slender setae terminally.</p> <p> Palp of left and right <i>mandible</i> (Fig. 4 D–E) not reaching tip of incisor. Articles 1 and 2 of same length, article 2 of right mandible with 1 slender seta; article 3 length 0.25 times article 2 length, with few short setules. Incisor of right and left mandible with 2 teeth. Lacinia mobilis of left mandible with 3 teeth; setal row with 17 slender setae, of right mandible with 13 slender setae. Molar of left mandible almost as long as palp, with 16 slender simple setae, of right mandible with 14 slender simple setae.</p> <p> <i>Maxillula</i> lost during dissection.</p> <p> Outer margin of <i>maxilla</i> (Fig. 4 F) outer and inner lobe with some slender setae of varying size. Outer and medial lobe with 2–3 robust long setae, distal margin of inner lobe with several fine setae, surface of medial and inner lobe with few fine setae.</p> <p> Right and left <i>maxilliped</i> (Fig. 4 G) connected by 2 retinacula. Epipodite triangular, surface smooth, length 3.2 times width, almost reaching palpal article 3. Palpal article 1 length almost half of article 2 length; article 2 almost as long as wide, with several slender setae, decreasing in length distally; article 3 somewhat shorter than article 2, somewhat wider than long, with 6 slender setae; article 4 length 0.7 times article 3 length, half as long as wide, with 4 slender simple setae; article 5 half of article 4 width, terminally with 5 fine setae. Endite with several slender setae laterally and distally. Protopodite oval, width 1.5 times length.</p> <p> <i>Pereopod 1</i> (Fig. 5 A) more robust than pereopods 2–7; basis lost during dissection. Ischium length 3 times width; with 1 robust seta distodorsally, length twice merus length. Merus length 1.2 times width; with 1 robust and 1 more slender seta dorsally, with a row of fine setules inserted in cuticular membrane and 2 robust unequally bifid setae ventrally; merus half of carpus length. Carpus length 3.2 times width; with 1 short seta distodorsally, with a row of fine setules inserted in cuticular membrane and 3 robust unequally bifid setae ventrally increasing in length distally; carpus length 1.3 propodus length. Propodus length 3.3 times width; with 1 short slender seta distodorsally, ventral margin with row of fine hairs inserted in cuticular membrane and 2 simple setae or varying size distally. Dactylus as long as propodus, length 5 times width; with 3 fine, simple setae medially; unguis length 0.4 times dactylus length; with 2 robust cuspidate setae and 2 slender setae in between.</p> <p> <i>Pereopods 2–4</i> (Fig. 5 E): pereopods 2 and 3 missing in adult female, described from juvenile. Pereopod 4 basis length 7.3 times width; with few short simple setae and strongly produced dorsal hook proximally; basis length 1.5 ischium length. Ischium length 6.3 times width; with 1 short dorsal and ventral seta and 1 dorsal hook; length twice as long as merus. Merus length twice width; with 1 slender seta on dorsal and ventral margin; merus length 0.4 times carpus length. Carpus length 5.2 times width; with 1 slender simple seta distodorsally, with row of fine setules inserted in cuticular membrane and 2 robust unequally bifid setae ventrally; carpus length 1.6 times propodus length. Propodus length 4.2 times width; with 1 long slender seta distodorsally, with row of fine hairs inserted in cuticular membrane and 3 short unequally bifid setae ventrally. Dactylus length half of propodus length, 5.5 times width, with 2 fine short setae medially; unguis length almost half of dactylus length; with 2 robust cuspidate setae, ventral one somewhat shorter than dorsal seta, with 1 slender seta in between.</p> <p> <i>Pereopods 5–7</i> (Fig. 6 A, C): pereopod 6 missing (drawn from juvenile). Pereopod 5 basis length 5 times width, in pereopod 7 length 6.5 times width; pereopod 5 with a distinct ventral hook, pereopod 7 with 1 broom seta medially and 1 short simple seta ventrally. Pereopod 5 ischium length 6.1 times width; with 1 ventral broom seta and few small simple setae; pereopod 7 ischium length 4.4 times width. Pereopod 5 and 7 merus length 1.8 times width; with 1–2 small simple setae on ventral and dorsal margin. Pereopod 5 carpus length 7.1 times width, in pereopod 7 length 5.1 times width; pereopod 5 with 2 short simple setae distodorsally, with 3 simple setae increasing in length distoventrally; pereopod 7 with 2 small simple setae distodorsally and with 1 long slender seta distoventrally. Pereopods 5 and 7 propodus with 1–2 slender setae of varying size dorsally and with 3 slender simple setae ventrally. Pereopod 5 dactylus length 8.3 times width, in pereopod 7 length 6.5 times width. Pereopods 5 and 7 unguis length half of dactylus length; pereopod 5 with 2 long slender setae dorsally and 1 somewhat shorter seta ventrally; pereopod 7 with 1 robust cuspidate seta dorsally and 2 slender, somewhat shorter setae ventrally.</p> <p> <i>Pleopod 2</i> (operculum, Fig. 6 D) as long as wide; surface smooth; with 4 short simple setae distally. Lateral margins strongly curved, more straight distally.</p> <p> <i>Pleopods 3–5</i> (Fig. 6 F–G): Pleopod 4 lost during dissection. Exopodite of pleopod 3 small, triangular, with few fine setae on inner margin; endopodite length 3 times exopodite length, 1.5 times width, distally with 3 short plumose setae. Pleopod 5 oval-shaped, without setation; protopodite length 1.6 width, endopodite length 3.2 protopodite length, 1.6 endopodite width.</p> <p> <i>Uropods</i> (Fig. 6 E) uniramous, small. Length 0.2 times pleotelson length, not overlapping pleotelson´s posterior margin. Protopodite length 1.6 times endopodite length, with 5 slender setae. Endopodite length 1.5 times width, terminally with 1 long, slender seta and 1 somewhat shorter broom seta.</p> <p> <b>Descriptive notes on juvenile paratype.</b> <i>Habitus</i> (Fig. 3 D–E): pereonite 7 incompletely developed; pereopod 7 missing. Only coxae 5 and 6 visible in dorsal view. Pleotelson length 0.25 times body length. <i>Cephalothorax</i> length 0.2 times body length.</p> <p> <i>Antennula</i> (Fig. 4 B) article 2 with 2 broom setae. <i>Antenna</i> (Fig. 3 D–E) with 9 flagellar articles.</p> <p> <i>Pereopods 1–3</i> (Fig. 5 B–D): Pereopod 1 carpus with only 1 unequally bifid seta ventrally, setal row and unequally bifid setae absent on ventral margin of merus. <i>Pereopods 2–3:</i> basis of pereopod 3 damaged. Pereopod 2 basis length 3.4 times width, with 4 short setae ventrally, length 1.3 times ischium length. Pereopods 2 and 3 ischium length about 3.6 times width. Merus length twice ischium length; with 1 long, slender seta distodorsally and 1 short simple seta distoventrally. Carpus length 2.6 times merus length; pereopod 2 carpus length 4.4 times width, in pereopod 3 about 5.3 times width, pereopod 2 and 3 with row of fine setules inserted in cuticular membrane and 1 robust unequally bifid seta ventrally; carpus length 1.6 propodus length. Propodus length 3.6 times width, with 1–2 slender setae distodorsally; row of fine setules inserted in cuticular membrane and 2 robust unequally bifid setae ventrally; pereopod 2 additionally with 1 slender simple seta medioventrally; propodus length 1.3 times dactylus length. Pereopod 2 dactylus length 4.7 times width; pereopod 3 dactylus more slender, length 6 times width; pereopods 2 and 3 with 2–3 fine setae medially. Pereopod 2 unguis length 0.2 times width, with 2 cuspidate setae and 2 somewhat longer slender setae in between; pereopod 3 unguis length almost half of dactylus length, with 2 cuspidate setae and 2 slender setae in between.</p> <p> <i>Pereopod 6</i> (Fig. 6 B) more slender than pereopod 2 and 3; basis damaged proximally, with 1 short broom seta ventrally. Ischium length 3.6 times width, 1.6 of merus length. Merus length 2.3 times width, with 1 short simple seta distodorsally and distoventrally; merus half of carpus length. Carpus length 5.7 times width, with 1 short simple seta distodorsally and 1 long more robust seta distoventrally; carpus length 1.4 times propodus length. Propodus length 4 times width, with 2 slender simple setae of varying size dorsally and ventrally; propodus length 1.2 times dactylus length. Dactylus 6.7 times width; unguis about half of dactylus length, with 1 robust cuspidate seta dorsally and 2 slender setae ventrally.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> South-eastern Atlantic Ocean, Angola Basin.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Only known from type locality.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> <i>Pitombo</i> comes from a Bantu dialect spoken in Angola and means “bulge at head”. The name refers to the shape of the male cephalothorax.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>Pseudomesus pitombo</i> sp. nov. is assigned to the genus <i>Pseudomesus</i> Hansen, 1916 by means of the following synapomorphies: antennula with 5 articles, terminal article minute; pleotelson enlarged, uropods uniramous, endopodite short; pereopod 1 shorter and more robust than pereopod 2; sexual dimorphism strongly developed.</p> <p> The new species mostly resembles the male of <i>Pseudomesus brevicornis</i> Hansen, 1916 (redescribed by Svavarsson, 1984). Besides the lack of the mandibular palp, <i>P. brevicornis</i> can be distinguished from the new species as follows: Pereopod 5 with 15 (18) natatory setae on dorsal margin of carpus (propodus); carpus and propodus of pereopods 2 and 5 more robust.</p> <p> As there were only three specimens of <i>P. p i t o m b o</i> sp. nov. in the samples, and the preparatory female is considerably damaged, the male is designated as the holotype of this new species.</p>Published as part of <i>Kaiser, Stefanie & Brix, Saskia, 2007, Two new species of the genus Pseudomesus Hansen, 1916 (Isopoda, Asellota) from the Southern hemisphere: Pseudomesus pitombo sp. nov. and Pseudomesus satanus sp. nov., pp. 21-38 in Zootaxa 1658</i> on pages 23-33, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/274018">10.5281/zenodo.274018</a>
Subunit-association and functional properties in the hemocyanin of the squid Todarodes sagittatus.
No full textThe association-dissociation behaviour in Todarodes sagittatus hemocyanin has been studied by sedimentation velocity measurements
at different pH values and in the absence and presence of a
number of anions and cations. In the absence of salts the sedimentation
pattern is dominated (about 1002) by a relatively low M.W.
species (20 S), while 10 mM CaCl2 and increasing pH (above 65)
stabilize a larger (30 S) species.
The above data are used as a basic to explain some physiological questions concerning
the nutritional habits of these animals
Oxygen-binding properties of Cephalopod blood with special reference to environmental temperatures and ecological destribution.
No full textThe thermal sensitivity of oxygen binding has been studied at 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C in whole blood from specimens of Neptunea antiqua acclimated to ambient salinities of 24 and 35‰. The O2 affinity is strongly pH-dependent, demonstrating a large reversed Bohr shift below pH8.0. The magnitude of the Bohr shift is not significantly influenced by temperature or ionic concentration. At 35‰, the blood O2-affinity is strongly influenced by temperature (δHapp-≈58.6kJmol−1), while at 24‰ there is almost no temperature sensitivity
Pragmatic Case Studies as a Source of Unity in Applied Psychology
No full textTo unify or not to unify applied psychology: that is the question. In this article we review pendulum swings in the historical efforts to answer this question—from a comprehensive, positivist, “top-down,” deductive yes between the 1930s and the early 60s, to a postmodern no since then. A rationale and proposal for a limited, “bottom-up,” inductive yes in applied psychology is then presented, employing a case-based paradigm that integrates both positivist and postmodern themes and components. This paradigm is labeled “pragmatic psychology” and, its specific use of case studies, the “Pragmatic Case Study Method” (“PCS Method”). We call for the creation of peer-reviewed journal-databases of pragmatic case studies as a foundational source of unifying applied knowledge in our discipline. As one example, the potential of the PCS Method for unifying different angles of theoretical regard is illustrated in an area of applied psychology, psychotherapy, via the case of Mrs. B. The article then turns to the broader historical and epistemological arguments for the unifying nature of the PCS Method in both applied and basic psychology.Peer reviewe
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