1,721,015 research outputs found
The prevention of heat illness in the British Army
No full textThis thesis examines the topic of heat illness in military personnel. After the introduction there is a comprehensive review of published literature on heat illness in military focus. This shows that heat illness has been a problem for military forces ever since records were available.The third chapter is a review of human thermal physiology mechanisms and concepts utilised as the basis for the research projects described in subsequent chapters. The key hypothesis is that in normal circumstances the human temperature regulating mechanisms can maintain core temperature within a narrow range until decompensation occurs.Chapter 4 describes the first comprehensive epidemiological survey of heat illness in the British Army. The data comes from a prospective analysis of data collected from Cyprus and an analysis of reports from the epidemiological surveillance system in place in UK. This concludes there are three groups at risk in the military, unacclimatised soldiers conducting military training in temperature climates when the weather is unseasonably hot, unacclimatised soldiers who have deployed to a hot climate to conduct military training and resident, acclimatised soldiers conducting military training in a hot climate. The largest population at risk at the British Army is the first group.Chapter 5 reviews the derivation of the various indices of heat stress. The Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) is the most commonly used index but the measuring devices available are either glass thermometers or electronic thermometers which are not ideal for military use. Included in chapter 5 is a review of various WBGT threshold limits for the assessment of risk of heat illness and a study comparing the use of the Botsball, which measures the Wet Globe Temperature, with a Metrosonics Hs 360 electronic WBGT thermometer.Chapter 6 reports an experimental approach to the setting of heat stress limits for use by the British Armed Forces.</p
Law and Ethics in Armed Conflict
No full textThe aim of this chapter is to provide a summary of the key features of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and ethics as they apply to the provision of healthcare in armed conflict. It reviews the law that authorises the use of military force and those that constrain the use of violence during war. It examines ethics as a codified set of behaviours for both military and medical professionals and identifies specific topics that may cause ethical tensions, particularly for military and humanitarian health practitioners. It considers the limitations of IHL, the potential consequences of these ethical tensions, and the evidence that healthcare workers, transports, and facilities may be directly targeted in some conflicts and wars. Finally, it provides an analytical framework for making ethical healthcare decisions
Health Systems Response to Crises
No full textThe aim of this chapter is to understand how health systems respond to insecurity or crises. In conflict situations, healthcare providers tend to focus on the provision of life-saving health services with less focus on a health system approach. Whilst life-saving health services should always be at the core of any health intervention in conflict situations, some efforts should be paid to sustaining health interventions through investing in strengthening health systems. This chapter builds upon the discussions from Chapter 1 on health systems and Chapter 3 on the impact of war on health. It will describe the international humanitarian system and the role of international agencies (IAs) and international non-government organisations (iNGOs) in supporting local communities. Following the approach of the health chapter in the Sphere Handbook, this chapter will then consider the key standards for a health system covering access, competence of health professionals, provision of medicines and medical devices, and monitoring of quality and outcomes
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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