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Operationalization of values in cooperatives
No full textWerte haben aufgrund ihrer Wichtigkeit für Individuen sowie für Unternehmen an Bedeutung gewonnen, da sie unter anderem zur Orientierung und Identitätsbildung dienen. Dies gilt gesamt gesellschaftlich, sowie im Wirkungsgefüge von Genossenschaften. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im Rahmen der vorliegenden kumulativen Dissertation zunächst eine Schnittmenge aus gesellschaftlichen (Individualwerten) und genossenschaftlichen (Unternehmenswerten) Werten erstellt. Hierfür wurden zum einen zahlreiche repräsentative gesellschaftliche Wertestudien analysiert und zum anderen eine umfangreiche nationale und internationale Analyse der genossenschaftswissenschaftlichen Literatur erhoben. Ziel der Bildung einer Schnittmenge war es, einen gemeinsamen Nenner an Individual- und Unternehmenswerten zu analysieren, um anschließend eine empirische Befragung, basierend auf grundlegenden Werten der Gesellschaft und der Genossenschaften, durchführen zu können. Im Ergebnis der beiden Analysen ergab sich eine Schnittmenge von 16 Werten, welche als Fundament der quantitativen empirischen Erhebung, entlang eines strukturierten Fragebogens, dient.
Im weiteren Verlauf der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde geklärt, was die deutsche Gesellschaft über Genossenschaften und deren Prinzipien und Werte weiß. Als differenzierende Faktoren sind einzelne Determinanten wie Geschlecht, Generation, Bundesland und Genossenschaftssparte vergleichend analysiert worden. Grundsätzlich hat eine deutliche Mehrheit der deutschen Gesellschaft den Begriff Genossenschaften schon einmal gehört. Die genossenschaftlichen Werte und Prinzipien sind jedoch deutlich unbekannter als der Begriff Genossenschaft. Wissensdefizite sowohl beim Begriff Genossenschaft als auch bei den genossenschaftlichen Werten und Prinzipien liegen überwiegend bei Frauen sowie bei den jüngeren Generationen Y und Z vor. Entgegen der Erwartungen sind keine Unterschiede über den Bekanntheitsgrad des Begriffs Genossenschaft sowie über deren Werte und Prinzipien im Ost-West-Vergleich der Bundesländer erkennbar. Jedoch ist der Bekanntheitsgrad von Genossenschaften sowie deren Werte und Prinzipien von der genossenschaftlichen Sparte abhängig. Daraus kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass die Probanden, welche mit der Sparte der Genossenschaftsbanken vertraut sind, den Begriff Genossenschaft häufiger schon einmal gehört haben und die genossenschaftlichen Prinzipien und Werte eher kennen, als die Probanden, welche mit gewerblichen oder ländliche Genossenschaften vertrauter sind. Des Weiteren ist anzumerken, dass Genossenschaftsmitglieder besser über den Begriff Genossenschaft sowie deren Werte und Prinzipien informiert sind als die allgemeine deutsche Bevölkerung.
Während die gesellschaftlichen Werte die Individualwerte der deutschen Gesellschaft darstellen und als wichtig bis sehr wichtig eingestuft werden, sind die genossenschaftlichen Werte die Unternehmenswerte, welche von der Gesellschaft als weniger wichtig wahrgenommen werden. Bei Auflistung der Individual- und Unternehmenswerte wird deutlich, dass die Reihenfolgen nicht identisch und die Mittelwerte stark voneinander abweichend sind. Freiheit ist der wichtigste Individualwert, wohingegen Freiheit bei den Unternehmenswerten auf dem letzten Rangplatz steht. Währenddessen ist Solidarität der wichtigste Unternehmenswert, welcher jedoch in der Rangfolge der Individualwerte auf Platz 12 angesiedelt ist. Weitere interessante Unterschiede, aber auch Übereinstimmungen wie beim Wert Sicherheit lassen sich in den Rangfolgen der Individual- und Unternehmenswerten feststellen. Generell ist anzumerken, dass Frauen und die ältesten Alterskohorten, also die Traditionalisten, sowohl die Individual- als auch die Unternehmenswerte wichtiger einstufen als Männer und die jüngeren Generationen Y und Z. Vor diesem Hintergrund stehen Genossenschaften insbesondere im Rahmen ihres strategischen Managements vor der Entscheidung, wie sie mit dem Ergebnis umgehen wollen. Dementsprechend bietet sich bezüglich der Anwendung von Werten entweder die Anpassungs- oder die Differenzierungsstrategie an. Bei der Anpassungsstrategie werden bewusst die Werte kommuniziert, welche die ausgewählte Zielgruppe als wichtig erachtet. Bei der Differenzierungsstrategie werden explizit Werte kommuniziert, welche historisch und spartenspezifisch mit der individuellen Genossenschaft in Verbindung gebracht werden können.
Neben der Herausforderung des Wertepluralismus, der sowohl in der Gesellschaft als auch in Genossenschaften und deren Wertekommunikation vorzufinden ist, stellt die Heterogenität der Mitgliederstruktur sowie deren Wertewahrnehmung der Unternehmenswerte eine zusätzliche Herausforderung für Genossenschaften dar. Zur Operationalisierung von Werten in der Unternehmenskultur der Genossenschaften sollte aus diesem Grund die Mitgliederstruktur im Einzelfall analysiert und die strategische Ausrichtung des Managements dementsprechend gewählt werden.
Abschließend ist festzuhalten, dass Werte zwar als abstrakt gelten. Jedoch stellen sie bei kontinuierlicher Anwendung im strategischen Management, sowie bei der präzisen und zielführenden Kommunikation, einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Unternehmensmission und -vision dar. Damit können sie einen erheblichen Anteil zur Steigerung der positiven Wahrnehmung und des Unternehmenserfolgs beitragen können.Values have gained in relevance due to their importance to individuals as well as to companies, as they are used, among other things, for orientation and identity formation. This is true for society as a whole, but especially for the structure of cooperatives. Against this background, the present cumulative dissertation will first of all establish an intersection of social (individual values) and cooperative (company values) values. For this purpose, numerous representative social value studies were analysed and a comprehensive national and international analysis of the cooperative scientific literature was collected. The aim of the intersection was to analyse a common denominator of individual and company values in order to be able to conduct an empirical survey based on fundamental values of society and cooperatives. The result of the two analyses was an intersection of 16 values, which serve as a basis for the quantitative empirical survey along a structured questionnaire.
In the further course of the present dissertation it was clarified what German society knows about cooperatives and their principles and values. As differentiating factors, individual determinants such as gender, generation, federal states and cooperative branches have been analysed comparatively. In principle, a clear majority of German society has heard the term cooperatives before. However, the cooperative values and principles are much less known than the term cooperative itseld. The lack of knowledge about the term "cooperative" as well as about the cooperative values and principles is mainly found among women and the younger generations Y and Z. Contrary to the expectations, no differences are discernible with regard to the degree of familiarity with the term cooperative and its values and principles in an East-West comparison of the federal states. However, the level of awareness of cooperatives and their values and principles depends on the cooperative sector. Therefore, it can be concluded that the test persons who are familiar with the field of cooperative banks have heard the term cooperative more often and are more familiar with the cooperative principles and values than the test persons who are more acquainted with commercial or rural cooperatives. Furthermore, it should be noted that members of cooperatives are better informed about the term cooperative and its values and principles than the general German population.
While the social values represent the individual values of German society and are classified as "important" to "very important", the cooperative values are the company values which are perceived by society as "less important". When listing the individual and company values, it becomes clear that the sequences are not identical and that the mean values differ considerably. Freedom is the most important individual value, whereas freedom comes last in the company values. Meanwhile, solidarity is the most important company value, which is nevertheless ranked 12th in the list of individual values. Other interesting differences, but also similarities, such as in the value of security, can be found in the rankings of the individual and company values. In general, it is worth noting that women and the oldest age cohorts, i.e. the traditionalists, rate both individual and company values more important than men and the younger generations Y and Z. Against this background, cooperatives are faced with the decision of how they want to deal with the result, especially in the context of their strategic management. In this context, either the adaptation or the differentiation strategy is suitable with regard to the application of values. The adaptation strategy consciously communicates the values that the selected target group considers as important. The differentiation strategy explicitly communicates values that can be historically and branchspecifically associated with the individual cooperative.
In addition to the challenge of value pluralism, which can be found in society as well as in cooperatives and their value communication, the heterogeneity of the membership structure and their value perception of corporate values poses an additional challenge for cooperatives. In order to operationalise values in the corporate culture of cooperatives, the membership structure should therefore be analysed on a case-by-case basis and the strategic orientation of the management should be chosen accordingly.
In conclusion, it is important to note that values are considered abstract. However, when continuously applied in strategic management, as well as in precise and goaloriented communication, they represent an essential contribution to the corporate mission and vision. Thus, they can contribute a considerable share to the increase of positive perception and company success
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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