1,721,768 research outputs found
Towards a multimodal framework for evaluating the built environment quality in sustainability planning
No full textL'approccio multi-modale per la valutazione della qualità dell'ambiente costruito nella pianificazione sostenibile
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Evaluating Sustainable Development in the Built Environment
No full textIf we can't measure and assess sustainable development, then how do we know we have made progress? This question is fundamental to the subject of sustainable development in the built environment - a significant contribution to the environment as a whole, and also a major factor in determining whether a community is sustainable in the longer term. There are literally hundreds of indicators and assessment methods for evaluating sustainable development, but these often conflict, are badly structured and do not have a common vocabulary. It is therefore difficult to build knowledge and enable communication between the stakeholders. This book provides an introduction to this important topic and suggests a way forward to a coherent structure, together with techniques which will enable progress to be assessed.The approach is introduced using illustrations and case studies, together with follow-up references. It is an ideal starting point for those trying to get a handle on the subject and for those who wish to examine a structured and systematic approac
On constraining 3D seismic anisotropy in subduction, mid-ocean-ridge, and plume environments with teleseismic body wave data
Full text linkConventional seismic tomography studies consider the Earth's interior as mechanically isotropic, despite seismic anisotropy being widely observed. This current standard approach to seismic imaging is likely to lead to significant artefacts in tomographic images with first-order effects on interpretations and hinders the quantitative integration of seismology with geodynamic flow models. Although a few methodologies have been proposed for carrying out anisotropic tomography, their ability in simultaneously recovering isotropic and anisotropic structures has not been rigorously tested. In this contribution we use geodynamic and seismological modeling to predict the elastic properties and synthetic teleseismic P- and S-wave travel-time datasets for three different tectonic settings: a plume rising in an intraplate setting, a divergent margin, and a subduction zone. Subsequently, we perform seismic anisotropy tomography testing a recently developed methodology that allows for the inversion of an arbitrarily oriented weakly anisotropic hexagonally symmetric medium using multiple bodywave datasets. The tomography experiments indicate that anisotropic inversions of separate and joint P- and Swave travel-times are capable of recovering the first order isotropic velocity anomalies and anisotropic patterns. In particular, joint P- and S-wave anisotropic inversions show that by leveraging both phases it is possible to greatly mitigate issues related to imperfect data coverage common in seismology and reduce parameter tradeoffs. In contrast, by neglecting seismic anisotropy, isotropic tomographic models provide no information on the mantle fabrics and in all cases are contaminated by strong velocity artifacts. In the inversions the magnitude of anisotropy (as well as that of seismic anomalies) is always underestimated owing to regularization procedures and smearing effects. It follows that the true seismic anisotropy of mantle rocks is likely higher than estimated from anisotropic tomographies, and more consistent with predictions from laboratory and numerical micromechanical experiments. Altogether, these results suggest that anisotropic body-wave tomography could provide unprecedented information about the Earth's deep geological structure, and that the latter could be better recovered by complementing teleseismic body-wave travel-times with other geophysical datasets
Imaging upper mantle anisotropy with teleseismic P-wave delays: insights from tomographic reconstructions of subduction simulations
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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