1,722,124 research outputs found
Pensare per contrari nel compito 2-4-6 di Wason facilita l’assunzione di una strategia di falsificazione?
No full textLo studio presentato si colloca lungo la scia delle ricerche interessate a favorire l’assunzione di una strategia falsificatoria nel classico compito del 2-4-6 di Wason (1960) che i soggetti tendono, solitamente, ad affrontare usando strategie confermative, registrando scarse percentuali di successo. In particolare, abbiamo analizzato gli effetti di un semplice training che invitava i soggetti a focalizzarsi sulle proprietà della situazione iniziale e a ragionare sistematicamente per contrari – training già applicato con successo nel problem solving visuo-spaziale (Bianchi et al. 2020; Branchini et al. 2015a, 2015b, 2016, 2021). Il confronto delle risposte dei soggetti (120 adulti) nella condizione training e di controllo (no-training) ha rivelato un miglioramento della prestazione, sia in termini di percentuale di partecipanti che hanno scoperto la regola nel compito di Wason (78.33% vs. 36.66%), che di velocità di scoperta (al primo tentativo). Inoltre, l’analisi della tipologia di triplette test usate dai risolutori nella fase di verifica di ipotesi, ha rivelato che nella condizione training si reiterano di meno triplette che testano la stessa ipotesi (quindi c’è maggior flessibilità) e si propongono più spesso e prima triplette decrescenti - quindi contrarie alla tripletta iniziale (2-4-6) per la proprietà “ascendente”, che è, di fatto, quella critica. Questi risultati saranno discussi in relazione ad alcuni precedenti contributi che hanno mostrato (Rossi et al 2001; Gale and Ball, 2012) o argomentato il ruolo del "contrasto" come fattore critico nel processo di verifica di ipotesi (es. iterative counterfactual model di Oaksford and Chater 1994, Oaksford 2002)
“Think in opposites” can be a simple but effective prompt to overcome fixedness in inductive reasoning. It may also boost creativity in general.
No full textOpposition is implied in various types of reasoning processes, probably more than we imagine (for a review see Branchini et al. 2021). It is spontaneously used in everyday situations to suggest alternatives to reality by both children (e.g., Fitzgibbon et al. 2019) and adults (e.g. Byrne 2016, 2018).
This presentation offers an overview of the theoretical and empirical reasons supporting the hypothesis that “thinking in opposites” might represent a simple and effective prompt to overcome fixedness in various kinds of inductive reasoning tasks.
In the first part of the presentation, we will revise evidence from studies testing the hypothesis in visuo-spatial insight problem solving (Bianchi et al., 2020; Branchini et al 2015).
The second part focuses on a new study conducted with 180 Italian adult participants which investigated the effects of this prompt on Wason’s rule discovery task. The study was designed to resolve questions left open from a previous investigation by Branchini et al. (2023).
Reflections on the potential and limitations of the project will occupy the conclusion and we will also discuss the results of a pilot study (in progress) which extends the hypothesis to an open-solution creativity task
Biasing Relation, Environmental Dependencies, and Estimation of the Growth Rate from Star-forming Galaxies
No full textThe connection between galaxy star formation rate (SFR) and dark matter (DM) is of paramount importance for the extraction of cosmological information from next-generation spectroscopic surveys that will target emission line star-forming galaxies. Using publicly available mock galaxy catalogs obtained from various semianalytic models (SAMs), we explore the SFR-DM connection in relation to the speed-from-light method for inferring the growth rate, f, from luminosity/SFR shifts. Emphasis is given to the dependence of the SFR distribution on the environmental density on scales of 10-100 s Mpc. We show that the application of the speed-from-light method to a Euclid-like survey is not biased by environmental effects. In all models, the precision on the measured β = f/b parameter is σ β ≲ 0.17 at z = 1. This translates into errors of σ f ∼ 0.22 and without invoking assumptions on the mass power spectrum. These errors are in the same ballpark as recent analyses of the redshift space distortions in galaxy clustering. In agreement with previous studies, the bias factor, b, is roughly a scale-independent, constant function of the SFR for star-forming galaxies. Its value at z = 1 ranges from 1.2 to 1.5 depending on the SAM recipe. Although in all SAMs, denser environments host galaxies with higher stellar masses, the dependence of the SFR on the environment is more involved. In most models, the SFR probability distribution is skewed to larger values in denser regions. One model exhibits an inverted trend, where high SFR is suppressed in dense environments
Difficulty of Detecting Minihalos via γ Rays from Dark Matter Annihilation
No full textAnalytical calculations and recent numerical experiments have shown that a sizable amount of the mass of our Galaxy is in a form of clumpy, virialized substructures that, according to Diemand et al., can be as light as 10-6Msun. In this work we estimate the gamma-ray flux expected from dark matter annihilation occurring within these minihalos, under the hypothesis that the bulk of dark matter is composed by neutralinos. We generate mock sky maps showing the angular distribution of the expected gamma-ray signal. We compare them with the sensitivities of satellite-borne experiments such as GLAST and find that a possible detection of minihalos is indeed very challenging
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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