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Vers une meilleure compréhension de la tolérance aux antibiotiques de biofilms bactériens cliniques
No full textBacteria are microorganisms capable of growing independently in liquid media. However, as soon as they encounter a surface, either biotic or abiotic, bacteria favour a "community living" to protect themselves from external aggressions and survive in hostile environments. These bacterial communities, named biofilms, are present in all natural environments, including humans where they can cause severe infections when hosting pathogenic germs. It is now accepted that such biological edifices persist under antibiotics action. In addition to antibiotic 'resistance', which is associated with genetic mutations of bacteria, 'tolerance' is related with the specific structure and physiology of bacteria organized in biofilms. In this context, we took benefit from innovative high-resolution imaging techniques to better understand the mechanisms underlying antibiotics (vancomycin, daptomycin, rifampicin) (in)efficacy within S. aureus biofilms. In addition, we developed a model for prosthetic vascular graft infections in mice that allowed the visualization by fluorescence imaging of biofilms formed in vivo and subjected to the action of antibiotics. Considering the very limited antibiotics efficacy observed, we then focused on a better understanding of S. aureus bacterial biofilms tolerance towards antibiotics. To this purpose, our work was focused on the role of both the extracellular matrix and the physiology of bacteria included in biofilms. The crucial role of membrane fluidity was then demonstrated. This work allowed us to identify paths for the improvement of antibiotic therapy and to develop alternatives to this type of treatment.Les bactéries sont des microorganismes capables de se développer et de proliférer indépendamment les uns des autres en milieu liquide. Mais dès qu’une surface se présente, biotique ou abiotique, les bactéries privilégient un « mode de vie en communauté » pour se protéger des agressions externes et survivre aux environnements hostiles. Ces biostructures, appelées biofilms, sont présentes dans tous les environnements naturels, y compris chez l’Homme où elles peuvent être à l’origine d’infections chroniques lorsqu’elles hébergent des germes pathogènes. Il est aujourd’hui admis que de tels édifices biologiques perdurent sous l’action des antibiotiques. Outre le très médiatique phénomène de résistance qui trouve son origine dans des mutations génétiques bactériennes, la tolérance, quant à elle, provient des spécificités de la structure et de la physiologie des bactéries organisées en biofilms. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit ce travail de thèse qui vise à mieux comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents au manque d’efficacité d’antibiotiques (vancomycine,daptomycine, rifampicine) vis-à-vis des biofilms de S. aureus, en s’appuyant notamment sur des techniques innovantes d’imagerie à résolution micro-nanométrique. Nous avons mis au point un modèle d’infections sur prothèse vasculaire implantable chez la souris qui a permis une toute première visualisation par imagerie de fluorescence de biofilms formés in vivo et soumis à l’action des antibiotiques mais aussi de montrer leur activité limitée. Nous nous sommes ensuite attachés à une meilleure compréhension de la tolérance aux antibiotiques de biofilms bactériens de S. aureus. Pour ce faire, nos études ont porté, d’une part, sur le rôle de la matrice extracellulaire et, d’autre part, sur le rôle de la physiologie des bactéries incluses en biofilm. Il a ainsi été mis en évidence le rôle crucial de la fluidité membranaire. Ces travaux nous ont alors permis de dégager des pistes pour améliorer l’antibiothérapie disponible mais aussi développer des alternatives à ce type de traitement
Towards a better understanding of clinical bacterial biofilms tolerance towards antibiotics
No full textLes bactéries sont des microorganismes capables de se développer et de proliférer indépendamment les uns des autres en milieu liquide. Mais dès qu’une surface se présente, biotique ou abiotique, les bactéries privilégient un « mode de vie en communauté » pour se protéger des agressions externes et survivre aux environnements hostiles. Ces biostructures, appelées biofilms, sont présentes dans tous les environnements naturels, y compris chez l’Homme où elles peuvent être à l’origine d’infections chroniques lorsqu’elles hébergent des germes pathogènes. Il est aujourd’hui admis que de tels édifices biologiques perdurent sous l’action des antibiotiques. Outre le très médiatique phénomène de résistance qui trouve son origine dans des mutations génétiques bactériennes, la tolérance, quant à elle, provient des spécificités de la structure et de la physiologie des bactéries organisées en biofilms. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit ce travail de thèse qui vise à mieux comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents au manque d’efficacité d’antibiotiques (vancomycine,daptomycine, rifampicine) vis-à-vis des biofilms de S. aureus, en s’appuyant notamment sur des techniques innovantes d’imagerie à résolution micro-nanométrique. Nous avons mis au point un modèle d’infections sur prothèse vasculaire implantable chez la souris qui a permis une toute première visualisation par imagerie de fluorescence de biofilms formés in vivo et soumis à l’action des antibiotiques mais aussi de montrer leur activité limitée. Nous nous sommes ensuite attachés à une meilleure compréhension de la tolérance aux antibiotiques de biofilms bactériens de S. aureus. Pour ce faire, nos études ont porté, d’une part, sur le rôle de la matrice extracellulaire et, d’autre part, sur le rôle de la physiologie des bactéries incluses en biofilm. Il a ainsi été mis en évidence le rôle crucial de la fluidité membranaire. Ces travaux nous ont alors permis de dégager des pistes pour améliorer l’antibiothérapie disponible mais aussi développer des alternatives à ce type de traitement.Bacteria are microorganisms capable of growing independently in liquid media. However, as soon as they encounter a surface, either biotic or abiotic, bacteria favour a "community living" to protect themselves from external aggressions and survive in hostile environments. These bacterial communities, named biofilms, are present in all natural environments, including humans where they can cause severe infections when hosting pathogenic germs. It is now accepted that such biological edifices persist under antibiotics action. In addition to antibiotic 'resistance', which is associated with genetic mutations of bacteria, 'tolerance' is related with the specific structure and physiology of bacteria organized in biofilms. In this context, we took benefit from innovative high-resolution imaging techniques to better understand the mechanisms underlying antibiotics (vancomycin, daptomycin, rifampicin) (in)efficacy within S. aureus biofilms. In addition, we developed a model for prosthetic vascular graft infections in mice that allowed the visualization by fluorescence imaging of biofilms formed in vivo and subjected to the action of antibiotics. Considering the very limited antibiotics efficacy observed, we then focused on a better understanding of S. aureus bacterial biofilms tolerance towards antibiotics. To this purpose, our work was focused on the role of both the extracellular matrix and the physiology of bacteria included in biofilms. The crucial role of membrane fluidity was then demonstrated. This work allowed us to identify paths for the improvement of antibiotic therapy and to develop alternatives to this type of treatment
Vers une meilleure compréhension de la tolérance aux antibiotiques de biofilms bactériens cliniques
No full textBacteria are microorganisms capable of growing independently in liquid media. However, as soon as they encounter a surface, either biotic or abiotic, bacteria favour a "community living" to protect themselves from external aggressions and survive in hostile environments. These bacterial communities, named biofilms, are present in all natural environments, including humans where they can cause severe infections when hosting pathogenic germs. It is now accepted that such biological edifices persist under antibiotics action. In addition to antibiotic 'resistance', which is associated with genetic mutations of bacteria, 'tolerance' is related with the specific structure and physiology of bacteria organized in biofilms. In this context, we took benefit from innovative high-resolution imaging techniques to better understand the mechanisms underlying antibiotics (vancomycin, daptomycin, rifampicin) (in)efficacy within S. aureus biofilms. In addition, we developed a model for prosthetic vascular graft infections in mice that allowed the visualization by fluorescence imaging of biofilms formed in vivo and subjected to the action of antibiotics. Considering the very limited antibiotics efficacy observed, we then focused on a better understanding of S. aureus bacterial biofilms tolerance towards antibiotics. To this purpose, our work was focused on the role of both the extracellular matrix and the physiology of bacteria included in biofilms. The crucial role of membrane fluidity was then demonstrated. This work allowed us to identify paths for the improvement of antibiotic therapy and to develop alternatives to this type of treatment.Les bactéries sont des microorganismes capables de se développer et de proliférer indépendamment les uns des autres en milieu liquide. Mais dès qu’une surface se présente, biotique ou abiotique, les bactéries privilégient un « mode de vie en communauté » pour se protéger des agressions externes et survivre aux environnements hostiles. Ces biostructures, appelées biofilms, sont présentes dans tous les environnements naturels, y compris chez l’Homme où elles peuvent être à l’origine d’infections chroniques lorsqu’elles hébergent des germes pathogènes. Il est aujourd’hui admis que de tels édifices biologiques perdurent sous l’action des antibiotiques. Outre le très médiatique phénomène de résistance qui trouve son origine dans des mutations génétiques bactériennes, la tolérance, quant à elle, provient des spécificités de la structure et de la physiologie des bactéries organisées en biofilms. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit ce travail de thèse qui vise à mieux comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents au manque d’efficacité d’antibiotiques (vancomycine,daptomycine, rifampicine) vis-à-vis des biofilms de S. aureus, en s’appuyant notamment sur des techniques innovantes d’imagerie à résolution micro-nanométrique. Nous avons mis au point un modèle d’infections sur prothèse vasculaire implantable chez la souris qui a permis une toute première visualisation par imagerie de fluorescence de biofilms formés in vivo et soumis à l’action des antibiotiques mais aussi de montrer leur activité limitée. Nous nous sommes ensuite attachés à une meilleure compréhension de la tolérance aux antibiotiques de biofilms bactériens de S. aureus. Pour ce faire, nos études ont porté, d’une part, sur le rôle de la matrice extracellulaire et, d’autre part, sur le rôle de la physiologie des bactéries incluses en biofilm. Il a ainsi été mis en évidence le rôle crucial de la fluidité membranaire. Ces travaux nous ont alors permis de dégager des pistes pour améliorer l’antibiothérapie disponible mais aussi développer des alternatives à ce type de traitement
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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