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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Onderzoek naar Detrusoroveractiviteit. De Rol van Moleculaire Sensoren.
No full textThe lower urinary tract consists out of the bladder and the urethra and acts as a dynamic reservoir that can store urine and expel it at a socially convenient time. The overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) affects an estimated 12% of the adult Western population and has urgency to urinate as key symptom, although OAB patients also complain of urgency incontinence, an increased daytime micturition frequency and nocturia. During urodynamic investigations, detrusor overactivity can be found in around half of patients with OAB symptoms.
The pathophysiology of OAB remains to be elucidated but the current understanding is limited by the fact that OAB is a symptom-based diagnosis (as urgency is the key symptom) while laboratory animals obviously cannot report any symptoms. Also, due to the differences in the micturition control between human patients and animal models, experiments in laboratory animals have only limited value. Still, animal models can help in deciphering the pathophysiological mechanisms of OAB. Urodynamic investigations (i.e. cystometry) is an efficient technique to measure bladder function of small animals in vivo.
For this doctoral thesis, a metholodical section was first developed. We standardized a way of performing cystometry in mice and rats. The whole procedure was filmed and explained in a “step by step” manner. Then, we described a mouse model for cystitis-induced bladder dysfunction by administrating cyclophosphamide chronically via multiple intraperitoneal injections. Creating hemorrhaghic cystitis by injecting one high dose of cyclophosphamide was already used in mice as a model of bladder dysfunction. However, the mouse model that we describe mimics the situation in the human patients better as the bladder hyperactivity is comparable with the acute model, but without the profound cystitis. Also, we described the urological phenotype of a mouse model of multiple system atrophy or MSA (which is a neurodegenerative disorder that presents with motor impairment, autonomic dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms) and belongs to the α-synucleinopathies which display α-synuclein positive glial cytoplasmic inclusions in the central nervous system. Transgenic mice with glial cytoplasmic inclusions have been earlier analyzed concerning neurodegeneration and motor disability but the urological phenotype has been investigated in this thesis. Our experiments showed a less efficient bladder with an increased contraction amplitude. Also, more nonvoiding contractions and a higher postmictional residual were found.
After the methological section, we elaborated five research projects, in which detrusor overactivity was further explored.
Anticholinergics are still the first-line pharmacotherapy for OAB, although their compliance rate is exceptionally low. The traditional view of the working mechanism of anticholinergics is that they block the muscarinic receptors on the detrusor muscle of the bladder. Normally, parasympathetic efferent neurons release acetylcholine which binds to these muscarinic receptors. However, it is known that also other signaling molecules mediate the bladder contraction. Indeed, not only acetylcholine but also ATP is released from the efferent nerve terminals. ATP couples with purinergic receptors on the detrusor muscle of the bladder. In this doctoral thesis, we have found a possible explanation for the notoriously low compliance rate of anticholinergics. We describe that a chronic administration of anticholinergics in rats induces a loss of drug efficiency, caused by a shift from muscarinic to purinergic transmission and thereby escaping the working mechanism of anticholinergics . These data imply that the poor compliance in overactive bladder patients might be due to similar mechanisms and that they may benefit from a different approach (e.g. β3 receptor agonists).
The TRP (Transient Receptor Potential) superfamily represents a diverse group of ion channels that are mostly located on the cell membrane of numerous cell types. There are 28 TRP channels that are divided in seven groups: TRPC, TRPV, TRPM, TRPN, TRPA, TRPP, TRPML. Most TRP channels are non-selectively permeable to cations such as sodium, calcium and magnesium. Some members of the TRP superfamily exhibit a high sensitivity to changes in temperature, such as the cold-activated TRPA1 and TRPM8. TRPA1 is also activated by noxious chemicals such as mustard oil and wasabi. TRPC ion channels are supposed to play a role in neuronal growth and axon guidance. TRPV1 is a heat-sensitive ion channel that is activated by capsaicin and that plays a role in the regulation of the body temperature.
In this doctoral thesis, the involvement of TRPC1 and TRPC4 in the development of bladder dysfunction in mice that were chronically injected with cyclophosphamide (as described above in the methodological section) was investigated. We describe that repeated cyclophosphamide injections induce an increase in the sprouting of afferent neuronal fibers in the bladder mucosa, combined with an increased expression of TRPC1 and TRPC4 in these fibers. Genetically modified TRPC1/C4-/- double knockout mice (which do not express TRPC1 nor the TRPC4) did not display an increased sprouting of neuronal fibers. Furthermore, the urological phenotype (which was evaluated with cystometry) caused by multiple injections of cyclophosphamide normalized in the TRPC1/C4-/- double knockout mice. Therefore, we have shown that TRPC1 and TRPC4 are crucial for the neuronal sprouting in the bladder mucosa caused by cyclophosphamide injections, which appeared to be necessary for the urodynamic development of bladder dysfunction.
A brief exposure of the body to a cold stimulus, such as feeling a cold breeze or washing hands with cold water, can evoke a sudden urge to void, with or without urgency incontinence. In this doctoral thesis, we propose the term acute cold-induced urgency (ACIU) for this phenomenon. Especially OAB patients frequently report ACIU but it is also observed in healthy persons, especially in children and the elderly. To this point, it was unclear whether these responses represented a form of Pavlovian conditioning or rather a conserved reflex. We demonstrated that voiding can be evoked in a simple cystometry-based assay in anesthetized mice and rats. These results prove that ACIU represents a conserved reflex, and not Pavlovian conditioning. Furthermore, we showed that ACIU can be inhibited by genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of the cold-activated ion channel TRPM8, and not TRPA1. Therefore, TRPM8 could be seen as a therapeutic target to relieve patients who suffer from ACIU.
Cyclophosphamide is a chemotherapeutic drug that is used in the treatment of cancer (such as lymphomas and brain cancer) and autoimmune disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis). A well known side effect of this treatment is bladder overactivity and hemorrhagic cystitis. Acrolein, which is a metabolite of cyclophosphamide, is proposed to play a key role in the development of these conditions by binding on TRPA1 in bladder sensory neurons. Other evidence suggests that the effects are mediated by TRPV1. Using cystometry in mice with genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of TRPV1 and TRPA1, it was demonstrated that TRPV1 (and not TRPA1) plays a major role in the acute irritation induced by acrolein in the mouse bladder. Furthermore, we describe that acrolein can directly activate TRPV1 by a covalent bond with residue C157. Therefore, TRPV1 could serve as a therapeutic target in the prevention of acute bladder irritation during cyclophosphamide treatment.
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infectious diseases. Patients who suffer from a UTI do not form part of the OAB group but they share symptoms as urgency and increased frequency. UTI is most often caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli and acts as an endotoxin. The exact role LPS plays in UTI and in the development of symptoms is currently unknown, as well as the molecular mechanism behind it. We report that LPS activates TRPV4, which is highly expressed in murine and human urothelial cells and functions as a mechanosensor in the bladder. After instillation of LPS in the bladder, the voiding frequency clearly increased in wild type mice, while the effect was abolished with genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of TRPV4. We demonstrate that urothelial cells can recognize bacterial colonization through TRPV4 activation by LPS which could at least partially explain the urgency to urinate during cystitis.status: Publishe
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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