1,720,958 research outputs found
Dispatches from the front : war reporting as news genre, with special reference to news flow
Get PDFThesis (DPhil (Journalism))--Stellenbosch University, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During Gulf War II, the American government implemented new media policies which,
due to their potentially manipulative impact, became a subject of concern to academics,
social commentators and the media alike. Key to these policies was the Department of
Defense's Embedded Media Program which allowed hundreds of selected reporters to
accompany US forces to the war front. The US openly tried to win international support
for the war, and critics felt that this policy was designed to saturate the media with
reports supporting the American point of view. This study examines these policies, the
history of war reporting as a separate news genre, as well as the fluctuating relations
between the US military and the media. Because of the US media policies, the fact that
only one South African newspaper reporter was in Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom
phase of the war and South African newspapers' consequent reliance on foreign news
sources, there was a real possibility that the American position would be propagated in
the local press. To test whether this was the case, the way the war was reported on in
four leading South African newspapers is examined in terms of gatekeeping,
agendasetting and framing. Using an adapted version op Propp's fairytale analysis as a
standard, it compares the slant and content of the South African coverage to the way
four senior US government officials presented the war. Also, the coverage of the
newspapers is compared to one another. The analyses indicate that while most of the
information published by the newspapers came from American sources, the news
reports generally did not mirror the US standpoint, but instead criticised President Bush
and the war on Iraq. Neither the frequency of the newspapers, nor its cultural
background showed any correlation with the way the war was depicted by the different
newspapers. It is therefore concluded that while the US might have been successful in
their attempt to "occupy the media territory" in terms of sources cited, they were not
able to sway the opinion of the South African press in their favour. However, the US is
aware of these failures and plans to rectify the mistakes made in Gulf War II by means
of proactive global operations started in times of peace.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tydens die Tweede Golfoorlog het die Amerikaanse regering 'n nuwe mediabeleid
ingestel wat weens die potensieel manipulerende impak daarvan ’n bron van kommer
vir akademici, sosiale kommentators en die media self geword het. Sentraal tot hierdie
nuwe beleid was die Departement van Verdediging se sogenaamde "Embedded Media
Program" wat honderde uitgesoekte joernaliste toegelaat het om Amerikaanse magte na
die oorlogsfront te vergesel. Die VSA het openlik probeer om internasionale steun vir
die oorlog te werf en kritici het gevoel dat dié beleid ontwerp is om die media met
nuusberigte wat die Amerikaanse standpunt steun, te versadig. Hierdie studie ondersoek
dié beleid, die geskiedenis van oorlogsverslaggewing as afsonderlike nuus-genre, asook
die wisselvallige verhouding tussen die Amerikaanse weermag en die media. Weens die
Amerikaanse mediabeleid, die feit dat slegs een Suid-Afrikaanse koerantverslaggewer
tydens die Operation Iraqi Freedom fase van die oorlog in Irak was en Suid-Afrikaanse
koerante gevolglik van buitelandse nuusbronne afhanklik was, was daar 'n werklike
moontlikheid dat die Amerikaanse posisie deur die plaaslike pers gepropageer kon
word. Om te toets of dit die geval was, is die manier waarop in vier vooraanstaande
Suid-Afrikaanse koerante oor die oorlog berig is, ondersoek in terme van
hekwagterskap, agendastelling en raamskepping. Deur 'n aangepaste weergawe van
Propp se feëverhaalanalise as maatstaf te gebruik, is die neiging en inhoud van die Suid-
Afrikaanse dekking vergelyk met die manier waarop vier senior Amerikaanse
amptenare die oorlog voorgehou het. Die koerante se dekking is ook met mekaar
vergelyk. Die analises wys dat hoewel die meeste van die inligting wat deur die
koerante gepubliseer is van Amerikaanse bronne kom, die nuusberigte oor die algemeen
nie die Amerikaanse standpunt weerspieël nie, maar eerder krities teenoor President
Bush en die oorlog teen Irak is. Nie die frekwensie van die koerante of die kulturele
agtergrond daarvan het enige korrelasie getoon met die manier waarop die oorlog deur
die verskillende koerante uitgebeeld is nie. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat hoewel
die VSA moontlik daarin geslaag het om die "mediaterrein te okkupeer" in terme van
aangehaalde bronne, het hulle nie daarin geslaag om die Suid-Afrikaanse pers se opinie
in hul guns te swaai nie. Die VSA is egter bewus van die foute wat tydens die Tweede
Golfoorlog gemaak is en beplan om dit deur middel van proaktiewe globale operasies
in vredestyd reg te stel.Doctora
Measuring tourist perceptions of South Africa's tourism brand equity and identity
Get PDFMCom (Taxation), North-West University, Potchefstroom CampusDestinations are constantly competing for the valuable time and money of tourists in a competitive international arena. Consequently, destinations have turned to destination branding. Brand equity and brand identity play a pivotal role in the creation of strong, distinctive destination brands. Measuring tourist perceptions of South Africa’s tourism brand equity and identity, is one of a few studies addressing the concepts of brand equity and identity. The study offers in-depth analyses of South Africa’s brand equity and identity as a tourism destination, based on the perceptions of international tourists who have previously visited the country. This study is unique since it is the first to measure South Africa’s tourism brand equity by means of brand awareness, loyalty, association, perceived quality and affinity. It is also the first to measure the country’s tourism brand identity by means of the current tourism logo and slogan. A thorough research process was followed to ensure that the goal of the study was achieved. The research followed a descriptive and causal design, based on the quantitative research method. Data was collected by means of an online survey, which was created on Google Forms and distributed via social media platforms, including Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. COVID-19 restrictions prevented the physical distribution of questionnaires as originally planned. A total of 386 usable responses were recorded. The data was captured in Microsoft Excel and analysed with SPSS. The descriptive results revealed that the respondents were mainly professionally employed females, originating from the UK, with an average age of 51 years. They obtain travel news about South Africa through electronic media. They visited South Africa recently for the first time for leisure purposes, where they preferred to travel by air and stay in lodge accommodation. They had overall favourable perceptions regarding the country’s brand equity; but less favourable perceptions regarding the country’s brand identity. The exploratory and inferential results revealed that older respondents had more positive perceptions of South Africa’s brand equity and identity. Higher-educated respondents evaluated the country’s brand equity and identity more critically. Those who obtain travel news about South Africa from electronic and printed media, have positive perceptions of the country’s brand equity. Respondents who obtain travel news about South Africa from friends and family; prefer to stay with friends and family during their visit; and those who travelled to SA to visit friends and family, held less positive perceptions of the country’s brand equity. International tourists that visit South Africa for nature and adventure reasons, perceive the country’s brand equity favourably. Those who visit for leisure purposes, hold positive perceptions of the country’s brand identity. The country’s brand equity and identity are interrelated, where the South African tourism logo makes the strongest contribution to the country’s brand equity.Master
Propaganda : 'n historiese kommunikasieproses van belang vir bestuurders van die media
Get PDFThesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Although most journalists and media managers will deny that they are at all biased,
few of the communication messages that are daily spread by the mass
communication media, are neutral. Media people transfer their own political
orientation, also that of the organisation that they work for, to their reports by means
of their decisions of what news they will present and how they will present it.
From the recent past it has become clear that there is a link between the
government of the day and how the news is presented, as perceptions that have
been created of certain events, have changed over time. Journalists have certain
political convictions, but even if they try to be objective in spite of these, they are
often insensitive to the fact that they are used by propagandists, who themselves
have a thorough knowledge of the media. Sometimes journalists are knowingly and
willingly involved in such attempts, and sometimes against their will. More often they
are completely ignorant of the fact that they form part of a propaganda attempt,
because they do not realise that they are being manipulated. In order to distinguish
between "real" news and propaganda in the form of news, it is essential to have
insight into the nature and origin of propaganda, but especially into the techniques
that are commonly used.
Initially, the word "propaganda" had a positive meaning, but during the First World
War the word increasingly obtained a negative connotation. A century later, the word
itself had become almost obsolete, except in reference to the information attempts of
the opposition. "Own" campaigns are referred to in eufemistic terms such as "news
management" and "public diplomacy".
However, phenomena of propaganda did not disappear. In fact, with the progress
in technology since the end of the nineteenth century, the number of communication
channels available for the transfer of messages have multiplied. This created new
means of spreading propaganda, especially since the invention of the transistor and
later of television. With the changes in and improvements of mass communication
media, the nature and extent of propaganda techniques also changed significantly.
The techniques became more sophisticated and new methods of manipulation are
continuously thought up, so much so that there are currently almost no limit to the
ways in which propaganda messages are conveyed. When the uses of these techniques, as they are commonly found in media reports, are studied, it is possible
to identify six broad catagories of propaganda.
The first category is that where the nature of the contents is obvious, in other
words, where no further information is required about an issue or a person in order to
recognise the technique as propaganda. The second category represents pieces of
propaganda where further information is required in order to recognise the use of the
technique, like when somebody tells a lie. Thirdly, there are techniques that can only
be recognised after a variety of propaganda pieces have been studied and the
relation between the contents have been studied, such as when politicians play for
time. The fourth technique is repetition. The fifth category of techniques is based on
the nature of the arguments used by the propagandist, whether these are rational or
non-rational. The last category is based on the intention of the propagandist, for
example whether he wants to create fear or drive a wedge between groups.
Knowledge of these different techniques provide a basis according to which
journalists and media managers will be able to judge news events in order to
determine the propagandistic intention thereof.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoewel die meeste joernaliste en mediabestuurders salontken dat hulle enigsins
bevooroordeeld is, is min van die kommunikasïeboodskappe wat daagliks deur die
massamedia uitgedra word, neutraal. Medialui druk die stempel van hul eie politieke
ingesteldheid, maar ook dié van die organisasie waarvoor hulle werk, op hul berigte
af deur hul besluite oor watter nuus hulle gaan aanbied en hoe hulle dit gaan
aanbied.
Uit die onlangse verlede is dit duidelik dat daar 'n verband is tussen die regering
van die dag en hoe die nuus aangebied word, aangesien persepsies wat oor
gebeure geskep is, met verloop van tyd verander het. Joernaliste het sekere
politieke oortuigings, maar al probeer hulle ten spyte daarvan objektief wees, is hulle
dikwels onsensitief daarvoor dat hulle deur propagandiste, wat self 'n grondige
kennis van die werking van die media het, gebruik word. Soms word joernaliste met
hulle medewete en goedkeuring by sulke pogings betrek, en soms teen hulle sin.
Meer dikwels vorm hulle egter onbewustelik deel van 'n belangegroep se
propagandapoging, omdat hulle nie besef dat hulle gemanipuleer word nie. Om in
staat te wees om "regte" nuus te onderskei van propaganda in die vorm van nuus, is
dit noodsaaklik om insig te hê in die aard en oorsprong van propaganda, maar veral
in die tegnieke wat algemeen gebruik word.
Die woord "propaganda" het aanvanklik 'n positiewe betekenis gehad, maar
tydens die Eerste Wêreldoorlog het dit toenemend 'n negatiewe konnotasie gekry. In
Eeu later het die woord self grootliks in onbruik verval, behalwe waar daar na die
opposisie se inligtingspogings verwys is. "Eie" veldtogte word in eufemistiese terme
na verwys as "nuusbestuur" en "openbare diplomasie".
Ten spyte hiervan het die verskynsel van propaganda nie verdwyn nie. In
teendeel, met die vooruitgang in tegnologie sedert die einde van die negentiende
eeu, het die kommunikasiekanale wat vir die oordrag van die boodskap beskikbaar
was, veelvuldig toegeneem. Dit het nuwe moontlikhede van propagandavoering
daargestel, veral sedert die uitvinding van die transistor en later ook televisie. Met
die verandering en verbetering van massakommunikasiemedia het die aard en
omvang van propagandategnieke ook merkbaar verander. Die tegnieke het meer
gesofistikeerd geraak en nuwe metodes van manipulasie word voortdurend bedink,
sodat daar vandag feitlik geen perke is aan die maniere waarop propaganda- boodskappe uitgedra word nie. Wanneer die gebruik van dié tegnieke, soos dit
algemeen in mediaberigte voorkom, bestudeer word, is dit moontlik om ses breë
kategorieë van propaganda te identifiseer.
Die eerste kategorie is dié waar die aard van die inhoud vanself spreek, met
ander woorde, waar geen verdere inligting oor 'n saak of persoon nodig is om 'n
tegniek as propaganda te eien nie. Die tweede kategorie verteenwoordig
propagandastukke waar bykomende inligting nodig is om die tegniek uit te ken, soos
wanneer 'n leuen vertel word. Derdens is daar tegnieke wat slegs herken kan word
nadat verskeie propagandastukke bestudeer is en die inhoud daarvan met mekaar in
verband gebring is, soos wanneer politici vir tyd speel. Vierdens word daar van
herhaling gebruik gemaak. Die vyfde kategorie van tegnieke is gegrond is op die
aard van die argumente wat die propagandis gebruik, of dit byvoorbeeld rasioneel of
nie-rasioneel is. Die laaste kategorie sluit tegnieke in wat gegrond is op die
bedoeling van die propagandis, of hy byvoorbeeld vrees wil inboesem of groepe teen
mekaar wilopmaak.
Kennis van hierdie verskillende tegnieke bied 'n grondslag waarvolgens
joernaliste en mediabestuurders nuusgebeure kan beoordeel ten einde die
propaganda-bedoeling daarvan te bepaal.Master
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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