170,747 research outputs found
T cell receptor/CD28-mediated activation of human T lymphocytes induces expression of functional {micro}-opioid receptors.
No full textOpiates function as immunomodulators, partly by their effects
on T cells. Opioids act via -, -, and -opioid receptors,
among which the -type is of particular interest, because morphine-
like opioids preferentially bind to it. Here we report that
-opioid receptor mRNA was induced after CD3/28-mediated
activation of primary human T lymphocytes and Jurkat T cells,
neither of which expresses the gene constitutively. Moreover, a
reporter gene construct containing 2624 base pairs of the
-opioid receptor promoter was transactivated by CD3/28
stimulation. Transcriptional induction of the -opioid receptor
gene was mediated by activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor-
B, and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). NFAT
was found to bind to three sequences of the -opioid receptor
promoter, located at nucleotides 1064, 785, and 486.
Although the 486 element is in close proximity to a putative
AP-1 site, there was no evidence for a combined AP-1/NFAT
site. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the induction of interleukin-
2 mRNA and protein in activated T cells was inhibited
by morphine in cells, in which -opioid receptors had been
induced by CD3/28 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and that
this effect was blocked by the -opioid receptor-specific antagonist
D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2. CD3/28
mAb-induced interleukin-2 transcription was also inhibited by
the opioids fentanyl and loperamide. This indicates that the
induced -opioid receptor mRNA is translated into functional
receptor protein. Furthermore, a -opioid receptor-enhanced
green fluorescent protein-fusion protein was localized in membranes
of Jurkat cells and internalized in response to [D-Ala2,NMe-
Phe4,Gly5-ol]-enkephalin but not morphine. In conclusion,
these data emphasize the role of opioids in the modulation of T
lymphocyte signaling
Analysis of promoter regions regulating basal and interleukin-4-inducible expression of the human CB1 receptor gene in T lymphocytes
No full textThe majority of effects of cannabinoids are mediated by the two
receptors CB1 and CB2. In addition to neuronal cells, CB1
receptors are expressed in T lymphocytes, in which they are
involved in cannabinoid-induced T helper cell biasing. Although
basally expressed only weakly in T cells, CB1 receptors are
up-regulated in these cells by stimuli such as cannabinoids
themselves. This effect is mediated by interleukin-4. In this
study, we investigated basal and interleukin-4-inducible expression
of the CB1 gene in T lymphocytes. In a promoter
analysis, two regions [nucleotides (nts) 3086 to 2490 and
nts 1950 to 1653] were identified, which suppress basal
transcription of the gene in Jurkat T cells, whereas the region
between nts 648 and 559 enhanced basal CB1 transcription.
Interleukin-4 markedly induced transcription of CB1 in
Jurkat cells and primary human T cells. Experiments using
transcription factor decoy oligonucleotides demonstrated that
STAT6 mediates regulation of the gene by interleukin-4. Using
reporter gene assays and the transcription factor decoy oligonucleotide
approach, a binding site for STAT6 was identified at
nt 2769 on the human CB1 gene promoter. Interleukin-4 also
caused up-regulation of functional CB1 receptor proteins. In
interleukin-4 pretreated, but not in naive Jurkat cells, the CB1
agonist R()-methanandamide caused a significant inhibition
of forskolin-induced cAMP formation. This effect was blocked by
the CB1-selective antagonists N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-
1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide
(AM251) and 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-N-
4-mo rpholinyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM281). Taken together,
these data show that CB1 receptors are expressed and
up-regulated by interleukin-4 in T lymphocytes, which enables
CB1-mediated communication to cells of other systems, such as
neuronal cells
Coloradoa heinzei Borner
No full textColoradoa heinzei (Borner) (Figs. 14–20 & 22, Table 2) Lidaja heinzei Borner, 1952 Apterous viviparous female (based on 12 examined specimens): Body color green; small, 0.77–0.88 mm long; apices of antenna and SIPH, and tarsi rather dark; base of SIPH and cauda pale; dorsal hairs numerous, fanshaped; marginal tubercles absent; frons slightly convex, lateral frontal tubercles undeveloped; antenna 6 segmented, 0.53–0.63 times as long as body; secondary rhinaria absent; PT 1.44–1.76 times longer than the ANTVIb; URS pointed with concave margins, 1.24–1.40 times longer than 2 HT; first tarsal segments with 3 – 3 – 2 hairs; SIPH subcylindrical about 0.09 times as long as body, 0.78 –1.0 times as long as cauda, 0.83–0.97 times as long as URS; cauda triangular, slightly constricted at base, 0.88–1.06 times as long as URS, with 5 hairs. In this paper C. heinzei has been redescribed because Iranian specimens have some morphological differences from previously described materials by Stroyan (1979) and Heie (1992). These differences are as follows: Body length of Iranian C. heinzei is 0.77 – 0.88 mm while in the other materials it is 1.0 – 1.65 mm. The other difference is ratio between SIPH and cauda length. In Iranian samples it is between 0.78 – 1.0 times but in other materials the range is 0.58 – 0.79 times. Based on Stroyan (1979) SIPH is 0.64 – 0.91 times and Cauda 1.0– 1.3 times as long as URS, but in our specimens these ratios is between 0.83 – 0.97 and 0.88 – 1.06 times respectively. Based on Heie (1992) the antenna is 0.6–0.7 times and SIPH about 0.07 times as long as body but in Iranian specimens these are 0.53 – 0.63 and 0.09 times respectively. These morphological differences especially smaller body size in Iranian materials might be because of development on an unfavourable host or local adaptation under conditions of geographical separation. Host and distribution. Coloradoa heinzei collected on Artemisia aucheri (Asteraceae) in 6 October 2006. The species is known from one locality in Sekonge, east of Kerman Province, Iran, N 30 ° 00´23.3 ´´ E 57 ° 28´19.9 ´´, Altitude: 2474 m. TABLE 2. Biometric data of Coloradoa heinzei . Character Apterous vivipara (n= 12) Length (mm) Body 0.77–0.88 Antenna 0.45–0.49 ANTIII 0.07–0.09 ANTIV 0.05–0.06 ANTV 0.07 ANTVIb 0.07–0.08 PT 0.12–0.13 URS 0.07–0.09 2 HT 0.06 SIPH 0.07 Cauda 0.07–0.09 No. of hairs Cauda 5 No. of rhinaria ANTIII 0 ANTIV 0 ANTV 0Published as part of Mehrparvar, Mohsen & Rezwani, Ali, 2007, A new species of Macrosiphoniella and redescription of Coloradoa heinzei (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) as a new record in Iran, pp. 61-68 in Zootaxa 1634 on pages 65-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17947
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Ferric chloride/methanol in the preparation of triphenylene-based discotic liquid crystals:The synthesis of triphenylene‐based discotic mesogens New and improved routes
No full textA Commentary on the paper ''The synthesis of triphenylene-based discotic mesogens. New and improved routes'', by N. Boden, R. C. Borner, R. J. Bushby, A. N. Cammidge and M. V. Jesudason. First published in Liquid Crystals, 15, 851-858 (1993)
Mitomycin C in highly myopic eyes - Author reply
No full textOphthalmology. 2005 Feb;112(2):208-18; discussion 219.
Mitomycin C modulation of corneal wound healing after photorefractive keratectomy in highly myopic eyes.
Gambato C, Ghirlando A, Moretto E, Busato F, Midena E.
SourceRefractive Surgery Service and Antimetabolite Therapy Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of topical mitomycin C in corneal wound healing (CWH) after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in highly myopic eyes.
DESIGN: Prospective, double-masked, randomized clinical trial.
PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-two eyes of 36 patients affected by high (>7 diopters) myopia.
METHODS: In each patient, one eye was randomly assigned to PRK with intraoperative topical 0.02% mitomycin C application, and the fellow eye was treated with a placebo. Postoperatively, mitomycin C-treated eyes received artificial tears (3 times daily, tapered in 3 months), whereas the fellow eye was treated with fluorometholone sodium 2% and artificial tears (3 times daily, tapered in 3 months).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity, manifest refraction, and biomicroscopy. Contrast sensitivity was determined using the Pelli-Robson chart. Corneal confocal microscopy documented CWH.
RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 18 months (range, 12-36). No side effects or toxic effects were documented. At 12-month follow-up examination, UCVAs (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) were 0.4+/-0.48 and 0.5+/-0.53 (P = .03) in mitomycin C-treated eyes and corticosteroid-treated eyes, respectively. At 1 year, corneal haze developed in 20% of corticosteroid-treated eyes, versus 0% of mitomycin C-treated eyes. At 12, 24, and 36 months, corneal confocal microscopy showed activated keratocytes and extracellular matrix significantly more evident in untreated eyes (Ps = 0.004, 0.024, and 0.046, respectively).
CONCLUSION: Topical intraoperative application of 0.02% mitomycin C can reduce haze formation in highly myopic eyes undergoing PRK.
Comment in
Ophthalmology. 2006 Feb;113(2):357; author reply 357-8
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Role of Bcl-2 expression for productive herpes simplex virus 2 replication
No full textHerpes simplex viruses infect a variety of cells in vitro. However, not all infected cells sustain a fully productive replication of these viruses. We have shown that, in U937 monocytoid cells, herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) causes a low-productive infection characterized by apoptosis as cytopathic effect at a late stage of infection. This effect was associated with a down-regulation of the Bcl-2 protein. We therefore asked whether destabilization of Bcl-2 expression could act as a limiting factor for the productive HSV-2 infection. We found that overexpression of Bcl-2 in U937 cells dramatically increased the capability of these cells to sustain a fully productive infection, while protecting against apoptosis induced by HSV-2. Overall, our data indicate that Bcl-2 expression acts as a regulator of HSV-2 replication. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
A Multi-Language Comparison of Influences on Author Verification using Character N-Grams
No full textWe create a new multi-language corpus for author verification based on Wikipedia talkpages, and evaluate the influence that differences in topic and time have on character n-gram author profiles. Topic alignment between two texts is found to increase author verification precision, and an authors writing style is found to change over time, but not more significantly after 3 years than after 1 year.Information ArchitectureWISElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Scienc
A 0.12mm<sup>2</sup> Wien-Bridge Temperature Sensor with 0.1°C (3σ) Inaccuracy from -40°C to 180°C
No full text Resistor-based temperature sensors can achieve much higher resolution and energy efficiency than conventional BJT-based sensors [1], but they typically occupy more area (> 0.25 mm 2 ) and have lower operating temperatures (le 125 {circ} {C}) [2]-[4]. This work describes a 0.12mm 2 resistor-based sensor that uses a Wien-bridge (WB) filter to achieve 0.1 {circ} {C} (3 sigma) inaccuracy from - 40 {circ} {C} to 180 {circ} {C}. Compared to a state-of-the-art WB sensor [4], it occupies 6 × less area and achieves comparable relative accuracy over a 76% wider operating range. Session 10.3 Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Electronic InstrumentationMicroelectronic
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