322,829 research outputs found
Endothermic oxygenation of hemocyanin in the krill Meganyctiphanes norvegica.
No full textThe oxygen affinity of the hemolymph of the krill Meganyctiphanes norvegica, increases with temperature in the pH range 7.4 to 8.1 reflecting an endothermic overall heat of reaction. This striking feature may be of adaptive significance with respect to the feeding excursions of the animal, which at night reaches the warmer phytoplankton-rich surface layers, where the oxygen availability is reduced due to increased temperature and photorespiration
Reformering av barnehagelærarutdanninga – mellom nasjonale standardar og institusjonell fridom
No full textTemaet for denne avhandlinga er styring og reformering av høgare utdanning. Temaet blir utforska gjennom caset barnehagelærarutdanningsreforma i 2012. Målet med denne studien har vore å sjå nærare på reformeringa av norsk barnehagelærarutdanning i 2012, frå politikkutforming til iverksetjing og mottaking av reforma. Avhandlinga søkjer svar på følgjande overordna problemstilling, med tilhøyrande forskingsspørsmål:
Kva kjenneteiknar reformeringa av barnehagelærarutdanninga av 2012?
a) Kva kjenneteiknar policy-prosessen?
b) På kva måte har lokale kontekstar hatt noko å seie for reformeringa og implementeringa?
c) Korleis blir reforma motteken og fortolka av studentane?
Teoretiske og analytiske perspektiv
Det overordna teoretiske og analytiske rammeverket for avhandlinga baserer seg på ein kombinasjon av Winter og Nielsen (2008) integrerte implementeringsmodell og teori om ‘layering’ (Capano, 2019). Ved å setje den integrerte implementeringsmodellen i kombinasjon med ‘layering’ inntar ein eit ikkje-linært perspektiv på reform. Tanken er å skape eit heilskapleg bilete av reformeringa gjennom å kartlegge aktørar, hendingar og åtferd frå politikkutforming til iverksetjing og mottaking av reforma. For å fylle ut biletet ytterlegare har avhandlinga sine tre artiklar blitt utforma som sjølvstendige delstudiar som set i drift ulike analytiske apparat for å svare på dei utdjupande forskingsspørsmåla. For å skildre policy-prosessen blei Kingdon (2014) sin multiple streams theory nytta. I arbeidet med å sjå på lokal implementering blei Ball et al. (2012) sitt kontekstomgrep og analytiske apparat rundt ‘policy enactment’ kombinert med teori om isomorfisme frå DiMaggio og Powell (1983). I siste delstudie om mottaking av reforma stod Harvey og Green (1993) sine definisjonar av kvalitet sentralt i analysen. Avhandlinga føyer seg inn i ein historisk-institusjonell vitskapstradisjon og peikar difor på korleis ei reform blir teken imot i allereie eksisterande strukturar og kulturar.
Metodisk tilnærming
Studien er ein kvalitativ casestudie. Forskingsdesignet kombinerer dokumentstudiar med djupneintervju. Datamaterialet er difor samansett, og analysemetodane like så. I tekstmaterialet inngår det både styringsdokument, høyringssvar, innlegg i nettforum, referat og planar. Intervjumaterialet består av intervju med 20 tilsette i barnehagelærarutdanninga. Utvalet inkluderer både leiing og administrativt og vitskapleg tilsette. I tillegg er 14 studentar intervjua. Materialet har blitt analysert i tråd med dei ulike teoretiske og analytiske rammeverka for kvar delstudie.
Hovudfunn og konklusjon
Hovudfunna i denne avhandlinga dreiar seg om at barnehagelærarutdanninga ligg i eit spenningsfelt. Spenningsfeltet består av fleire spenningar som alle meir eller mindre har eksistert før reformeringa, men som i ulik grad har blitt forsterka av reforma. For det første handlar det om spenninga mellom nasjonal styring og institusjonell fridom. Barnehagelærarutdanninga fekk gjennom reforma ein rammeplan og eit sett nasjonale retningslinjer som står fram som relativt strikte og detaljerte. Den største endringa i reforma var av strukturell art og dreia seg om å organisere utdanninga i tverrfaglege kunnskapsområde i staden for i tradisjonelle disiplinfag. Det andre spenningsforholdet som stod fram, var akademisering versus praksisorientering. Utdanninga har fått klare krav til meir akademisk innretting, noko som også kan sporast til eit forsøk på å styrkje barnehagelærarprofesjonen ovanfrå. Utfordringa ligg i at det samstundes er ei forventning at ei profesjonsutdanning også skal vere nær praksisfeltet sitt og prioritere praktisk øving. Det tredje spenningsforholdet handla om tverrfagleg orientering på den eine sida og disiplinorientering på den andre sida. Dette spenningsforholdet har blitt kraftig styrkt i reforma med innføring av tverrfaglege kunnskapsområde som det ikkje var semje om innhald og form rundt. Det fjerde spenningsforholdet dreia seg om økonomisk effektivitet på den eine sida og fagleg kvalitet på den andre sida. Finansiering og ressursar i reforma stod tidleg fram som eit sentralt dilemma i datamaterialet. Trass i stor vilje og evne til implementering synes det som økonomi er ei stor utfordring når det gjeld å skape ei utdanning av høg fagleg kvalitet. Til sist kom det også fram eit femte spenningsforhold, som handlar om profesjonalisering utanfrå/ovanfrå versus nedanfrå/innanfrå. Reforma hadde ein tydeleg agenda for å styrkje profesjonen for å oppnå auka kvalitet i tenestene, altså barnehagen. Reformering av barnehagelærarutdanning i 2012 skriv seg inn i eit landskap av endring og satsing på barnehagen, men også høgare utdanning og lærarutdanningane meir spesifikt.
Alt i alt viser studien at barnehagelærarutdanninga framleis står overfor utfordringar, også etter ei ambisiøs reform. Dei to mest presserande utfordringane handlar om struktur og finansiering, og desse to heng nøye saman. Ambisjonen om å skape ei praksisnær utdanning av høg fagleg kvalitet gjennom innføring av tverrfaglege kunnskapsområde synest å ha vore særs vanskeleg å nå med dei ressursane og føresetnadene som ligg i institusjonane i dag. Vilje og evne er til stades, men ei slik organisering krev koordinering og samarbeid på eit nivå som verkar utopisk i dagens modell. Reformeringa av barnehagelærarutdanninga stod fram som ein open prosess med stort høve til medverknad. Policy-prosessen viste seg likevel å vere mindre open enn først antatt. Delar av rammeplanen blei utforma, vedteken og halden utanfor dei opne prosessane. Dette skapte misnøye i policyprosessen, ein misnøye som tilsynelatande ikkje har lagt seg, og som gjer at det framleis er slik at ikkje alle delar av reforma har like stor legitimitet.acceptedVersio
Diffusive author(s), cohesive author: Analysis of S/N (1994)
No full textThis study indicates the ways in which various aspects of the author(s) are brought forth in Dumb type’s performance art, the S/N production. Previous research has suggested a non-hierarchical organization of Dumb type and the absence of a “privileged author” in Dumb type’s collaborative work, S/N. However, the results that I have investigated from member’s interviews on the creative process of S/N along with my analysis of the recorded images of S/N, indicate a different aspect of the author(s). First, S/N was created through, so to speak, the collective ideas of the members of Dumb type. Further, S/N has at least nine quotations from previous performances, installations, and printed writings, besides the work-in-progress technique. Explicating one of the “author functions” as given by Michel Foucault, each text has plural subjects of the author. However, it has been revealed from members’ interviews that Teiji Furuhashi had a decision-making role in selecting the members’ ideas within the performance. Since then, S/N has had plural subjects of creation; however, Furuhashi is one of the subjects of creation along with the “privileged author.” S/N has plural authors (diffusive authors) yet at the same time, it has a “privileged author,” Teiji Furuhashi (cohesive author)
Crude oil components with affinity for gas hydrates in petroleum production
No full textSome crude oils are believed to contain natural inhibiting components that can prevent hydrate plugging of oil pipelines in petroleum production. A method for classification of the oils that form hydrate plugs, as opposed to those that are not problematical, can change the hydrate inhibiting strategies for oil companies, and result in both economical savings and environmental improvements. Furthermore, an identification of natural hydrate plug inhibiting components can eventually give rise to development of more economical and environmentally friendly inhibitors that can be added to crude oil in pipelines. This thesis addresses the issues of chemical characterisation of crude oil with respect to identification of natural plug inhibiting components. Natural plug inhibiting components are probably hydrate surface active, e.g. an acid fraction has previously been shown to be able to convert a plugging oil into a non-plugging oil when added in a low concentration. In this work, methods for extraction of surface active compounds in crude oil have been established; two methods for acid extraction have been tested (liquid-liquid and ion exchange), and in addition components with affinity for freon hydrate and ice surfaces have been extracted. The extracts have been characterised with chromatographic and spectroscopic methods, e.g. an HPLC method for separation of extracts into four groups have been developed; non-polar compounds, saturated carboxylic acids, phenolic compounds and polyfunctional compounds. The results show that the ion exchange is more effective than the liquidliquid method for extraction of acids from crude oil. Freon hydrates are found to extract a specific fraction with polar compounds from crude oil, while ice does not seem to be a good surface for extraction of components. Compounds which absorb to hydrate surfaces are found to be dominated by saturated carboxylic acids, and to contain lower amounts of phenols and polyfunctional compounds. In general, crude oil extracts primarily contain components of intermediate molecular weights. This means that neither high-molecular compounds such as asphaltenes, nor simple low-molecular petroleum acids and bases are present to a large extent in these extracts. FTIR analysis can to some degree differentiate between freon hydrate extracts from plugging and non-plugging crude oils. GC-MS is not suited for the extracts used in this thesis due to limitations regarding molecular weights and low volatility. LC-MS analysis with Ion Trap MS has been tested at the University of Newcastle, but was not optimal for our samples. The freon hydrate extracts have been analysed for compounds similar to a biosurfactant structure, but no such compounds could be found. No structural identification of the natural inhibiting components have been obtained. However, new methods for extraction of components with affinity for freon hydrate and ice surfaces have been developed and acid extraction methods from the literature have been tested. In addition, a set of analytical methods that can characterise the fractions have been established. One reason for the difficulty of identifying the natural inhibiting components can be that they are present in very low amounts, but it may also be that the distribution of compounds in the fractions is as important as the presence of specific molecules
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Author's address:
No full textCan archives of audiovisual TV interviews be used to make authors more visible to students, and thereby reduce the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers in college classes? We examined students in a college course who learned about one scholar's ideas through watching an audiovisual TV interview (i.e., visible author format) and about another scholar's ideas through reading a formal text description (i.e., invisible author format). For the invisible author, native language speakers scored significantly higher than the non-native language speakers on a corresponding exam question (i.e., a cognitive measure), generated more words on the exam question (i.e., a motivational measure), and mentioned the author's name more often in answering the exam question (i.e., an affective measure). For the visible author, the groups did not differ on any of these measures. These findings provide evidence for the idea that making the author visible through audiovisual TV interviews can eliminate the learning gap between native and non-native language speakers. 3 Universities around the world serve students who are non-native speakers of th
The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law
No full textAbstract
The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
- …
