11 research outputs found
Strategic Implications of the EU Crisis. CEPS ESF Working Papers No. 21, 1 February 2006
No full textPaper contains the three papers presented to the CEPS-IISS Euorpean Security Forum focusing on the EU’s 'crisis' in the wake of the French and Dutch 'no' votes to the Constitutional Treaty and a summary of the debate by the ESF Chairman. Papers include: "American and European Malaise? A European Perspective", by Jeffrey Gedmin; "The Strategic Implications of the EU Malaise: Enlargement, Variable Geometry and a Stronger Neighbourhood Policy: An American Perspective", by Charles Grant; "The Strategic Implications of the EU’s 'Crisis': An'Odd-Insider’s' Perspective: A Russian Perspective", by Timofei V. Bordachev
Europe and Russia in the post-coronavirus world
No full textThe article analyzes the interaction between central phenomena of the science of international
relations such as the balance of power and international institutions on the example of
the development of the European Union (EU) and Russia-EU relations in a changing global
context, which was catalyzed by the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. The change in the balance
of power and its significance in the development of institutions of cooperation at the regional
and global levels leads, in the author’s opinion, to the necessity to reassess the possibilities of
institutional interaction and the stability of institutions as such. After the end of the Cold War,
relations between Russia and the EU developed, within the framework of the author’s main
theoretical paradigm, as part of attempts to include Russia in the balance of power underlying
European integration. Current trends point to a relative decrease of the importance of this
problem in the context of realizing the main interests of Russia and the leading EU states,
which in the long term may allow them to move towards a more stable common European
order. The new order would be less dependent on the actual bilateral relations between Russia
and the European Union, but more dependent on the interests of both actors in a wide global
environment.This research article uses the results of the project “Theoretical Approaches to the Analysis of the
Prospects of Transatlantic Relations in the Transformation of the European Union and US Foreign Policy”
within the framework of the HSE Program of Fundamental Research
Поворот на Восток: ключевая роль Cибири
No full textSince the announcement of the pivot to Asia, enough time has passed to sum up the results and
to evaluate the existing achievements and failures of Russia’s new policy. However, despite some
breakthrough, many issues remain open.
Most of the government’s attempts in this area have not led to any fundamental changes, as the measures
taken are often unsystematic and inconsistent. The majority of the actions are reactive, taken after the
challenges have emerged. Therefore, further development of the region requires some more dynamic
actions and larger strategy, where the central place belongs to Russian Far East and Siberia.
Thus, our task is to determine the content of the «pivot to Asia» policy, its possible directions and the
main formatС момента объявления российским политическим руководством поворота внешней и вну-
тренней политики России на Восток прошло достаточно времени, чтобы можно было под-
водить некоторые итоги и переосмысливать достигнутые успехи и неудачи. Но, несмотря на
все достижения, многие задачи по-прежнему остаются невыполненными.
Большинство попыток правительства на данном направлении не приводят к фундамен-
тальным изменениям, поскольку зачастую носят несистематический и непоследователь-
ный характер. Все действия, как правило, являются «реактивными», т.е. следуют за воз-
никающими проблемами и вызовами, а не предвосхищают их. Дальнейшее развитие и рост
благосостояния региона требуют более динамичных мер в рамках масштабной стратегии,
в которой центральное место отведено как раз Дальнему Востоку и Сибири.
Нашей задачей является определить содержание «разворота к Азии» российской внутренней
и внешней политики, его возможные направления и форма
Поворот на Восток: ключевая роль Cибири
No full textSince the announcement of the pivot to Asia, enough time has passed to sum up the results and
to evaluate the existing achievements and failures of Russia’s new policy. However, despite some
breakthrough, many issues remain open.
Most of the government’s attempts in this area have not led to any fundamental changes, as the measures
taken are often unsystematic and inconsistent. The majority of the actions are reactive, taken after the
challenges have emerged. Therefore, further development of the region requires some more dynamic
actions and larger strategy, where the central place belongs to Russian Far East and Siberia.
Thus, our task is to determine the content of the «pivot to Asia» policy, its possible directions and the
main formatС момента объявления российским политическим руководством поворота внешней и вну-
тренней политики России на Восток прошло достаточно времени, чтобы можно было под-
водить некоторые итоги и переосмысливать достигнутые успехи и неудачи. Но, несмотря на
все достижения, многие задачи по-прежнему остаются невыполненными.
Большинство попыток правительства на данном направлении не приводят к фундамен-
тальным изменениям, поскольку зачастую носят несистематический и непоследователь-
ный характер. Все действия, как правило, являются «реактивными», т.е. следуют за воз-
никающими проблемами и вызовами, а не предвосхищают их. Дальнейшее развитие и рост
благосостояния региона требуют более динамичных мер в рамках масштабной стратегии,
в которой центральное место отведено как раз Дальнему Востоку и Сибири.
Нашей задачей является определить содержание «разворота к Азии» российской внутренней
и внешней политики, его возможные направления и форма
Europe as the idea, model and reality: complex nature of Europe's significance for Russia. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 8, No. 3, April 2011
No full textThroughout history the identity of Russia has been equally puzzling for Russia itself and for its neighbors. By being both a European and an Asian country geographically, Russia has always presented the dilemma of whether it is ‘a part of Europe or apart from Europe’ (Stent, 2007, p. 393). Therefore, Europe has been and continues to be significant for Russia. Such importance can explain why Russia’s relation with Europe might be more complex than Europe’s relation with any other state. The goal of this paper is to argue that the complexity of Russian-European relations can be explained by Russia’s multidimensional perception of Europe that extends beyond the notion of geopolitics. To understand fully the dynamics of Russian-European relations one should analyze them from three distinct, but interconnected, dimensions of Russia’s perception of Europe: Europe as an idea, Europe as a model, and Europe as a geopolitical reality (Stent, 2007, p. 393). The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate some of the complexities of current Russian European relations by applying this three dimensional analysis
The Research of Emotional State Influence on Quality of a Brain-Computer Interface Usage
No full textAbstractNowadays due to the brain-computer interfaces it becomes possible to make a reasonable assumption about the cognitive activity of the user and to recognize certain mental commands, which is used for various purposes, including robotic devices control. In addition, modern brain-computer interfaces allow to monitor affective activity that contributes to real-time monitoring of the operator’ emotions. In this paper the influence of affective activity on the quality of recognition of the cognitive commands is considered. For this purpose, methods of excitation of a certain emotional state are used. The result of the research is a methodology of improving the quality of recognition of mental commands by taking into account the emotional state of an operator during the command execution
The geopolitics of Eurasian economic integration
No full textThe recent crisis in Ukraine cast a spotlight on those countries located between Russia and the EU, a region that had long existed beneath the radar of international politics. Indeed, even its name remains indeterminate: the term 'post-Soviet' is too encompassing (it could also designate Estonia or Tajikistan) while the notion of 'Eastern Europe' has long lost any geographical anchor. Instead, this space is often named after regional powers’ attempts to shape it: as the EU’s 'Eastern Neighbourhood' or as Russia’s 'Near Abroad'. The new region-building endeavour pursued by Russia through Eurasian integration frameworks is a crucial development in this regard. On the 29 of May 2014, Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan signed the Treaty establishing the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), which extends the provisions of the existing Eurasian Customs Union (ECU) and comes into being in 2015. This integration regime has been lauded by Russian President Vladimir Putin as a new, better version of the European Union, and castigated by US Secretary of State Hilary Clinton as a new form of the Soviet Union. This report shows that it is neither. The EEU is a modern and far-reaching attempt at economic integration, but one that is weakened by internal and conceptual contradictions. What was designed as a geo-economic framework is increasingly becoming a geopolitical issue. In attempting to counter the influence of the EU’s alternative integration regime (the Eastern Partnership), Russia has shifted its diplomacy from persuasion to coercion, and Moscow is increasingly resorting to using the EEU as a foreign policy tool. The countries of the entredeux – literally, something placed between two things – are being forced to face to a geopolitical choice they had been trying to avoid, or at least to defuse. Divisive domestic politics, separatism, structural dependencies and the economic and political calculations of internal actors are key factors mediating and complicating their choice. This report focuses on these issues that are too often overlooked in the debate on Russia-EU regional competition
Model data for: Analysis of the global atmospheric background sulfur budget in a multi-model framework
No full text<p>The present dataset contains all model data used in the model intercomparison in ACP. All data is provided as monthly means. For more data, please contact the first author. V2 addresses inconsistencies in the time axes, vertical coordinates, and variable names between models.</p>
Comparative characterization of different variants of quantitative chromatographic analysis using external and internal standards
No full textХроматографический анализ серии характеризуемых и градуировочных двухкомпонентных образцов (растворы аналита и стандарта) позволяет сопоставить возможности и особенности одновременно шести вариантов количественных определений способами внешнего и внутреннего стандарта по критериям точности результатов (значениям случайных и систематических погрешностей). Они включают простейший вариант способа внешнего стандарта (I), модифицированный вариант, предполагающий использование дополнительного стандарта и усреднение не абсолютных, а относительных площадей пиков (II), обычно используемый способ внутреннего стандарта (III) и его модифицированную аналогичным образом версию (IV). Кроме этого рассмотрены два варианта использования гомолога аналита в качестве внутреннего стандарта без учета градуировочных коэффициентов (V) и (VI). Это представляет интерес для оптимизации практических работ по хроматографии и процесса обучения предмету. Требования к дополнительным и внутренним стандартам не идентичны. В качестве дополнительных стандартов можно выбирать любые соединения, как введенные в образцы искусственно, так и уже присутствующие в них, причем точное задание их концентраций не требуется. Необходимо лишь обеспечить их равенство в характеризуемом и градуировочном растворах. Показано, что модифицированные варианты методов внешнего и внутреннего стандартов характеризуются одинаковыми относительными стандартными отклонениями результатов. Показано, что минимальными случайными составляющими погрешностями характеризуются варианты, предполагающие применение дополнительного (II) или внутреннего стандарта (IV) и усреднение отношений площадей пиков целевых аналитов и таких стандартов. Для них же минимальны систематические погрешности определений. Для выявления возможных искажений состава анализируемых образцов, обусловленных частичным испарением летучих компонентов в процессе работы с такими образцами, информативен контроль значений градуировочных коэффициентов.Chromatographic analysis of a series of two-component samples (solutions of a target analyte and a standard) allows simultaneous comparison of the possibilities and features of six variants of quantitative analysis using the external and internal standards techniques according to the criteria of results precision and repeatability (random and systematic errors values). These variants include the simplest version of the external standard method (I); its modified version (II) that implies the application of an additional standard and averaging not the absolute, but relative peak areas; the commonly used version of the internal standard method (III); and its version modified in a similar manner (IV). Besides, two variants of using a homologue of the target analyte as the internal standard without determining the calibration coefficients are considered (V) and (VI). This topic is of interest for optimization of practical works on chromatography and teaching the subject in general. The requirements to the additional and internal standards are not identical. Any compound (both present in the samples or added to them) can be selected as the additional standards, and precise setting of their concentrations is not required. It is only necessary to ensure their equal concentrations in the analyzed and reference solutions. It is shown that the modified versions of the external and internal standard methods are characterized by the equal relative standard deviations of the results. The minimal relative standard deviations of the results are typical for the variants implying the use of an additional (II) or an internal (IV) standard and the averaging the ratio of peak areas of target analytes and such standards. The systematic errors of determinations appeared to be minimal for the same variants. Controlling the values of the calibration coefficients is informative for revealing the possible distortions of the composition of samples due to the partial evaporation of volatile constituents in the course of handling such samples.Практическая работа, результаты которой составили предмет настоящего сообщения, выполнена с использованием оборудования Ресурсного Центра «Методы анализа состава вещества» Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета. Авторы благодарят сотрудников Центра за содействие.The students’ work, which results are discussed in this paper, was carried out at the Center for Chemical and Material Research of St. Petersburg State University’s Research Park. The author is grateful to the staff of this Center for the assistance
