77 research outputs found
The soil moisture active passive marena, Oklahoma, in situ sensor testbed (SMAP-MOISST): Testbed design and evaluation of in situ sensors
No full textIn situ soil moisture monitoring networks are critical to the development of soil moisture remote sensing missions as well as agricultural and environmental management, weather forecasting, and many other endeavors. These in situ networks utilize a variety of sensors and installation practices, which confounds the development of a unified reference database for satellite calibration and validation programs. As part of the Soil Moisture Active Passive Mission, the Marena, Oklahoma, In Situ Sensor Testbed (SMAP-MOISST) was initiated to perform inter-comparisons and study sensor limitations. Soil moisture sensors that are deployed in major monitoring networks were included in the study, along with new and emerging technologies, such as the Cosmic Ray Soil Moisture Observing System (COSMOS), passive/active distributed temperature sensing (DTS), and global positioning system reflectometers (GPSR). Four profile stations were installed in May of 2010, and soil moisture was monitored to a depth of 1 m on an hourly basis. The four stations were distributed within a circular domain of approximately 600 m diameter, adequate to encompass the sensing range of COSMOS. The sensors included in the base station configuration included the Stevens Water Hydra Probe, Campbell Scientific 616 and 229, Decagon EC-TM, Delta-T Theta Probe, Acclima, and Sentek EnviroSMART capacitance system. In addition, the Pico TRIME system and additional time-domain reflectometry (TDR) systems were deployed when available. It was necessary to apply site-specific calibration to most sensors to reach an RMSE below 0.04 m3 m-3. For most sensor types, a single near surface sensor could be scaled to represent the areal-average of a field domain by simple linear regression, resulting in RMSE values around 0.03 m3 m-3.</p
A Semiphysical Microwave Surface Emission Model for Soil Moisture Retrieval
No full textThis study proposes a microwave surface emission model for soil moisture retrieval using radiometer data based on today's most widely used physical model, i.e., advanced integral equation model (AIEM). Soil roughness and moisture effects are easily yet accurately decoupled in the proposed model. In the field case study, the total least squares method, instead of the least squares (LS) method, is applied for the first time in soil moisture retrieval to solve the error in variable linear equation set to further reduce the estimation error. Validated by the Soil Moisture Experiment 2003 campaign data in Oklahoma, the root mean square error (RMSE) and R-2 of volumetric soil moisture varies from 1.5% to 4.2% and 0.92 to 0.43 at L/C/X bands and 40/55. incidence angles. Compared with previous studies, the proposed model has several new features: 1) it is location independent since the model is derived through reproducing the behavior of the AIEM; 2) its high fidelity to AIEM significantly improves the accuracy, whereas its linearity makes it easy to invert; and 3) the soil moisture retrieval based on the proposed model requires no prior knowledge of soil roughness in the scenario of the demonstrated case study. The L-band/V-polarization radiometer data yield the best retrieval result with an RMSE of 1.5% and R-2 of 0.92, whereas increasing frequency increases the error because the sensitivity of emissivity to ground soil moisture decreases, and the valid roughness region, i.e., kh(RMS) < 3, of the AIEM narrows. Furthermore, the model can be readily extended to broader regions than the investigated case study on field scale in this paper by nesting the model in the tau - omega model and using satellite data from SMOS or SMAP.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000351461000041&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=8e1609b174ce4e31116a60747a720701Geochemistry & GeophysicsEngineering, Electrical & ElectronicRemote SensingImaging Science & Photographic TechnologySCI(E)[email protected]
Haematologia
No full text1991 / 1. szám
Storek, J. - Nepomucka, J. - Kobylka, P. - Sejkorova, J.: Intermittent-flow versus continuousflow mononuclear cell apheresis
Shimamoto, Y. - Matsuzaki, M. - Ono, K. - Sano, M. - Yamaguchi, M.: Combination therapy of M2-protocol and Interferon-# as remission induction in refractory multiple myeloma
Phan, D. T. - Ha, N. T. V. - Thuc, L. T. - Diet, N. H. - Phu, L. V. - Ninh, L. Y. - An, V. T.: Some changes in immunity and blood in relation to clinical states of dengue hemorrhagic fever patients in Vietnam
Storek, J. - Nepomucka, J. - Kobylka, P. - Sejkorova, J.: Blood count changes due to mononuclear cell apheresis
Matolcsy, A. - Izer, I. - Magyarlaki, T. - Baranyay, F.: Enzyme negative blastic transformation of chronic myeloproliferative disorders: Immunophenotyping of the blastic cell population
Soligo, D. - Luksch, R. - Quirici, N. - Foa, P. - Moneta, D. - Somalvoco, F. - Lambertenghi Deliliers, G.: Immunohistochemical evaluation of bone marrow biopsies in myelodysplastic syndrome
Czink, E. - Horváth, Cs. - Malek, A. A. - Siklósi, Gy.: Is dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate a possible pathogenetic factor in osteopenia of patients with iron overload?
Abstracts
Correction
1991 / 2. szám
Eliopoulos, G. - Coulocheri, S. - Eliopoulos, A. - Vaiopoulos, G. - Tsantali, C. - Anagnou, N.: Impaired production of GM CSA in bone marrow and peripheral blood monocytes in two patients with severe congenital neutropenia
Cabart, P. - Kalousek, I. - Jandova, D.: Expression of chromosomal protein HMG-1 in transformed and normal human cells
El-Khatib, Y. - Gidáli, J. - Fehér, I. - Mód, A. - Poros, A. - Hollán, S.: Growth kinetics and blast-colony forming cell binding capacity of stromal cells in various haematological malignancies
Pálóczy, K. - Pócsik, É. - Kotlán, B. - Ujhelyi, E. - Timár, L. - Petrányi, G. Gy.: The pattern of activation antigen expression on T-lymphocyte subpopulation in infectious mononucleosis
Demeter, J. - Mihalik, R. - Benczúr, M. - Lehoczky, D. - Pálóczi, K.: Characterization of T lymphocyte subsets in hairy cell leukaemia: Influence of splenectomy and correlations with the clinical stage of the disease
Anagnou, N. P. - Papnicolaou, N. - Fessas, PH.: Recurrent attacks of hemolytic uremic syndrome
Thavaraj, V. - Singh, Y. - Choudhary, V. P. - Saraya, A. K.: Congenital Factor XIII deficiency. A family report
Colovic, M. - Basara, N. - Vuckovic, S. - Jankovic, G. - Suvajdzic, N. - Stosic, T. - Rolovic, Z.: Dysmegakaryocytopoiesis and thrombocytosis in a patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia and long evolution
Sartori, M. T. - Mares, M. - Girolami, A.: Portal vein thrombosis in a patient with severe haemophilia A and post-hepatitis liver cirrhosis
Obituary
Abstracts
1991 / 3. szám
Kalmanti, M. - Kalmantis, Th. - Liacopoulou, Th. - Tsoumakas, K. - Ladis, V. - Kattamis, C.: Serum erythropoietin in regularly transfused thalassemic patients
Famodu, A. A. - Ehigiegba, A. E. - Fakoya, T. A. - Adeyi, J. - Diejomach, F. M. E.: Effects of oral contraceptive on Fibrinogen Levels in African Women
Demeter, J. - Mihalik, R. - Benczúr, M. - Lehoczky, D. - Pálóczi, K.: Peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations a long time after posttraumatic splenectomy
Sasaki, R. - Yuasa, Y. - Bollum, F. J. - Minowada, J. - Miura, Y. - Takaku, F.: Quantitative assay of terminel deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity using monoclonal antibodies
Choubisa, S. L.: Abnormal haemoglobins, thalassaemia and G-6-PD enzyme deficiency in Rajasthan (Western-India)
Hollán, S.: Molecular genetics - New horizons in haematology
Abstracts
Announcement
1991 / 4. szám
Sandler, S. G. - Fang, C.: Preventing transfusion-transmitted infections. Issues related to migrating populations and increasing world travel
Fibach, E. - Rachmilewitz, E. A.: A two-step liquid culture - A novel culture procedure for studying erythroid cell development
Bernard, J.: Ethics and haematology
Ghosh, K. - Abdul Rahman H. I. - Torres, E. C. - Abdul Wahab, A. - Hassanein, A. A.: Report of the first case of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency from Kuwait detected by a screening tsts. A case report
Rudzka, E. - Holowiecki, J. - Kachel, L. - Lawniczek, T. - Pajak, J.: Skin manifestation of extramedullary relapse in adult with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Caenazzo, A. - Pietrogrande, F. - Polato, G. - Piva, E. - Sartori, D. - Girolami, A.: Decreased platelet mitogenic activity in patients with diabetes mellitus
Obituary
Abstracts
Index to Volume 24
Author Index
Subject Inde
Euscorpius biokovensis Tropea & Ozimec 2020, sp. n.
No full textEuscorpius biokovensis sp. n. <p>(Figures 1–20, Tables 1–3)</p> <p> <b>http://zoobank</b>. <b>org/urn:lsid:zoobank</b>. <b>org: act:DB021E59- AE55-4143-BEE0-8D8F94F71B95</b></p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Croatia, Biokovo Mts., Drinova 2 Cave, Bartulovići, 43°24'27.6"N 16°56'51.9"E, 525 m a. s. l.; GTC.</p> <p> TYPE MATERIAL. <b>Croatia</b>, <b>Biokovo Mts</b>.: Drinova 2 Cave, Bartulovići, 43°24'27.6"N 16°56'51.9"E, 525 m a. s. l., leg. R. Ozimec and I. Vuković, 5 October 2018, 1♂ (holotype), GTC 1156; Baba Cave, Štedovac, 43°15'23.3"N 17°09'44.2"E, leg. R. Ozimec and I. Vuković, 10 October 2018, 1♂ 1♀ (paratypes), GTC; Brikinjava Cave, Župa, leg. M. Pavlek, 17 November 2005, 2♀ (paratypes), ROC; Cave in Radinovci, Rastovac, leg. R. Ozimec, 25 October 2006, 1♀ (paratype), ROC; Gradina (Jujnovića) Cave, Kozica, leg. R. Ozimec, 25 August 2011, 1♀ (paratype), GTC; leg. R. Ozimec, 6 November 2017, 1♂ juv. 1♀ (paratypes), ROC; Gradska Cave, Župa, leg. R. Ozimec, 5 November 2015, 1♂ juv. 1♀ (paratypes), ROC; Jama za Supinom Pit, leg. R. Ozimec, 4 November 2015, 1♀ (paratype), ROC; Kukor Cave, Bast, leg. R. Ozimec, 7 August 2000, 2♀ (paratypes), ROC, 23 June 2007, 1♀ (paratype), ROC, 19 August 2008, 1♀ (paratype), ROC, 4 November 2009, 1♂ (paratype), ROC, 8 November 2015, 1♂ juv. 1♀1♀ juv. (paratypes), ROC, 24 August 2017, 1♂ (paratype), GTC, 7 October 2018, 3♀ (paratypes), ROC, leg. D. Basara and P. Visković, 7 October 2018, 1♀ juv. (paratype), ROC, leg. D. Basara, M. Klisović and T. Tursić, 6 November 2017, 2♀ (paratypes), ROC; Mala Jama Pit, Bratuš, leg. R. Ozimec, 11 October 2018, 1♀ juv. (paratype), ROC; Plužina Cave, Zagvozd, leg. R. Ozimec, 15 October 2002, 1♂ (paratype), ROC; Podrum Cave, Podgora, leg. R. Ozimec, 23 February 2002, 1♀ (paratype), ROC; Rakova Cave, Brela, leg. R. Ozimec, 3 November 2015, 1♂ juv. 1♀ juv. (paratypes), ROC; Stara Škola Pit (at the entrance, deep under stones), leg. R. Ozimec, 20 June 2016, 1♂ juv. (paratype), ROC; Stonska Peć, Župa, leg. R. & D. Ozimec, 20 August 2016, 1♂ 1♀ (paratypes), ROC); Svetica Cave, Gornja Brela, leg. R. Ozimec, 22 May 2004, 1♂ (paratype), ROC; Vrstalinka Pit, Kozica, leg. R. Ozimec, 26 March 2003, 1♀ (paratype), GTC; Zlatna Cave, Lađena, R. Ozimec, 21 October 2018, 1♀ juv. (paratype), ROC.</p> <p> OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. <b>Bosnia - Herzegovina</b>, Konjic-Jablanica, 1♀, GTC; Stara Đurkovica, Grebca, Ravno, 42°44'28.7"N 18°04'56.9"E, leg. L. Marko, 31 May 2005, 1♂ juv., GTC. <b>Croatia</b>, Đuderina Cave, Krizani, Split, Dugopolje, leg. J. Bedek, 7 May 2005, 1♂ juv., ROC; Golubinka 2 Pit, Pupnat, Korčula Island, leg. A. Kirin, 20 March 2010, 1♂, ROC; Jama u Dubokom dolu pit, Korčula Island, 27 April 2004, leg. R. Ozimec, 1♀, ROC; Golubska Jama Pit, Ponikve, Pelješac, Dubrovnik, leg. R. Ozimec, 22 November 2011, 1♂, ROC; Nikolina Cave, Kućiće, Omiš, leg. M. Franičević, 23 March 2003, 2♂ juvs. 3♀ juvs., ROC; Maklutača Cave, Dugopolje, Split, leg. SUK i T. R., 22 April 2000, 1♂, ROC; Trojama Pit, Mosor Mts., Split, leg. R. Ozimec, 6 May 2005, 1♀ juv., ROC; Velika Špilja Cave by Neorić, Bazine, Sutina, Neorić, Muć, Sinj, Middle Dalmatia, leg. A. Kirin, 28 April 2012, 2♀ juvs., ROC.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet is derived from Biokovo Mts., where the type locality is situated.</p> <p> DIAGNOSIS. A medium-large <i>Euscorpius</i> species of total length 30–40 mm, particularly elongated. Colour of adults light brown to light brown-reddish without reticulation or marbling, with carapace and pedipalps darker reddish. Number of trichobothria on the pedipalp manus ventral surface is 4 (3 <i>V +Et</i> 1); the number of trichobothria on the pedipalp patella ventral surface usually is 8 or 9 (8 in 67.92% and 9 in 29.24% of the pedipalps eXamined). Number of trichobothria on pedipalp patella eXternal surface usually is: <i>eb</i> = 4, <i> eb a</i> = 4, <i>esb</i> = 2, <i>em</i> = 4, <i>est</i> = 4, <i>et</i> = 6. Pectinal teeth count usually is 7 in males and 6 in females. Metasomal segment I longer than wide in males and usually longer than wide, but it may also be slightly wider than long, in females; average <i>L/W met. seg</i>. I ratio 1.13 in males and 1.03 in females. Chela elongated with long finger; <i>Lchel/Wchel</i> ratio is 3.09 in males and 3.18 in females. Dorsal patellar spur highly developed. Femur longer than patella; <i>Lfem/Lpat</i> ratio is 1.12. Carapace longer than wide; average ratio <i>Lcar/Wcar</i> 1.09; average distance from centre of median eyes to anterior margin of the carapace is 39.35% of the carapace length and from centre of median eyes to posterior margin of the carapace is 60.65% of the carapace length. Average ratio of <i>Lmet/Lcar</i> is 2.66 in males and 2.34 in females. Metasomal segment <i>V</i> with little marked carinae, the ventrolateral carinae little marked, spaced and with slightly serrulated granules, and ventromedian carina little marked and with the normal granulation present on the entire intercarinal surface on segment. Ventral surface of tarsus with spinules positioned in a single straight row or ending with a decentralized distal spinule.</p> <p>TRICHOBOTHRIAL AND PECTINAL TEETH COUNT VARIATION. The variation observed in 53 eXamined specimens (19 males, 34 females) is given below (left/right asymmetry not specified).</p> <p>Pectinal teeth in males (n=19): 6/7 (2), 7/7 (12), 7/8 (5); in total, 6 in 5.26% (2), 7 in 81.58% (31) and 8 in 13.16% (5); mean = 7.08, SD 0.43.</p> <p>Pectinal teeth in females (n=34): 6/5 (2), 6/6 (29), 7/6 (1), 7/7 (1), 8/8 (1); in total, 5 in 2.94% (2), 6 in 89.71% (61), 7 in 4.41% (3) and 8 in 2.94% (2); mean = 6.07, SD 0.43.</p> <p> Pedipalp patella trichobothria <i>Pv</i> (n=53): 7/7 (1), 8/7 (1), 8/8 (28), 8/9 (15), 9/9 (8); in total, 7 in 2.83% (3), 8 in 67.92% (72) and 9 in 29.24% (31); mean = 8.26, SD 0.50.</p> <p> Pedipalp patella trichobothria <i>Pe</i> (n=53): <i>et</i> = 5/6 (1), 6/6 (48), 6/7 (3), 7/7 (1); in total, 5 in 0.94% (1), 6 in 94.34% (100) and 7 in 4.72% (5); mean = 6.04, SD 0.24; <i>est</i> = 4/4 (53); <i>em</i> =?/4 (1), 3/4 (1), 4/4 (51); <i>esb</i> =?/2 (1), 1/2 (3), 2/2 (49); <i> eb a</i> =?/4 (1), 3/4 (1), 4/4 (51); <i>eb</i> = 3/4 (1), 4/4 (52).</p> <p> SEXUAL DIMORPHISM. Largely the same as in most species of Euscorpiinae. The male has a much more swollen telson than the female; average <i>Ltel/Wtel</i> 2.42 in males and 3.17 in females. The metasoma usually is more elongated in males; <i>Lmet/Wmet</i> 1.99 in males vs. 1.89 in female. Males have the fiXed finger of chela with a most marked notch corresponding to the lobe on movable finger than females. Males have higher number of pectinal teeth (<i>Dp</i> 7 in 81.58% and 8 in 13.16%, mean = 7.08, SD 0.43) than females (6 in 89.71%, mean = 6.07, SD 0.43). The males have the genital operculum with genital papillae protruding. Males in general more granulated.</p> <p> DESCRIPTION (♂ holotype). <b>Coloration</b>. General colour light brown-orange with carapace darker, reddish; sternites, chelicerae, pectines, genital operculum and telson light orange/brownish; darker carinae, specially the internal carinae of pedipalps, blackish.</p> <p> <b>Carapace</b>. Fine granulation on whole surface, with granules becoming gradually larger toward the lateral area, especially in anterior part, from median eyes to half of carapace length; anterior edge slightly granulate to granulate and sunken; deep anterior median, posterior median and posterior lateral furrows, the latter two combine to form two protuberances at the posterior margin; two pairs of lateral eyes (with a larger anterior eye), and a pair of median eyes, situated anteriorly of the middle; distance from centre of median eyes to the anterior margin is 41.48% of carapace length; distance from centre of median eyes to posterior margin is 58.52% of the carapace length.</p> <p> <b>Mesosoma</b>. Tergites very finely and homogeneously granulated; sternites finely punctated eXcept the last sternite, which is laterally finely granulated; small spiracles inclined to about 45° downward towards outside; area of overlap between sternites very pale.</p> <p> <b>Metasoma</b>. All the segments longer than wide. Dorsal carinae on segments I–IV granulated; dorsolateral carinae on segments I-III with some granules proXimally and after smooth or obsolete; ventrolateral carinae absent on segment I, smooth on segments II–IV, with little marked, spaced and slightly serrulated granules on segment V; ventromedian carina absent on the segments I– IV, little marked and with the normal granulation present on the whole intercarinal surface on segment V; intercarinal spaces very finely granulated on dorsal and lateral surfaces and on ventral surface of the segment V, smooth or almost smooth on the others surfaces of the segments I–IV.</p> <p> <b>Telson</b>. Vesicle with a few scattered, very small granules, with ventral setae of different size, especially near the vesicle/ aculeus juncture.</p> <p> <b>Pectines</b>. Tooth count 7/7; middle lamellae count 4 or 5/4 or 5; several microsetae on marginal lamellae, middle lamellae and fulcra.</p> <p> <b>Genital operculum</b>. Formed by two subtriangular sclerites partially divided with genital papillae protruding; a few microsetae are present.</p> <p> <b>Sternum</b>. Pentagonal in shape, more or less as long as wide, with a deep posterior emargination.</p> <p> <b>Pedipalps</b>. CoXa and trochanter with tuberculated carinae. Femur: dorsal internal carinae tuberculated; dorsal eXternal carinae formed by tubercles slightly spaced; eXternal median carinae serrulated; ventral internal carinae tuberculated; ventral eXternal carinae formed by spaced tubercles, wellformed only in the proXimal half; anterior median formed by a few spaced, conical tubercles, varying in size, of which the larger three bear a macroseta each; dorsal intercarinal spaces granulated, with larger granules near the internal carina; ventral intercarinal spaces not uniformly granulated, with larger granules near ventral internal carinae. Patella: dorsal internal carinae tuberculated; dorsal eXternal carinae crenulated; ventral eXternal carinae crenulated; ventral internal carinae tuberculated to lightly serrulated; dorsal intercarinal surface finely granulated, with larger granules in distal area; ventral intercarinal surface with few scattered minute granules, especially near ventral internal carinae. Dorsal patellar spur highly developed. Chela particularly elongated, with long fingers. FiXed finger with marked notch corresponding to the lobe on movable finger. Chelal carina <i>D1</i> distinct, strong, dark and from smooth to slightly crenulated; <i>D4</i> is rounded and rough; <i>V1</i> distinct, strong, dark and slightly undulated; <i>V3</i> rounded, dark with small and scattered granules; eXternal carina granulated; intercarinal tegument rough to finely granulated with very minute scattered granules. Finger dentition: in the most distal part a <i>DD</i> on the tip is present; <i>MD</i> is formed by very small denticles closely spaced forming a more or less straight line, discontinued at level of the <i>OD</i>; fiXed finger has 6/6 <i>OD</i> and 11/11 <i>ID</i>; movable finger has 7/7 <i>OD</i> and 13/13 <i>ID</i>.</p> <p> <b>Trichobothria</b>. Chela: trichobothria on the pedipalp manus ventral surface is 4/4 (<i>V</i> 1-3 + <i>Et</i> 1). Patella: <i>Pv</i>: 8/8; patella eXternal (<i>Pe</i>): <i>et</i> = 6/6, <i>est</i> = 4/4, <i>em</i> = 4/4, <i>esb</i> = 2/2, <i> eb a</i> = 4/4, <i>eb</i> = 4 <i>/</i> 4. Trichobothrium <i>est</i> 2 is slightly proXimal to <i>est</i> 3. Femur: trichobothrium <i>d</i> is proXimal to <i>i</i>, while the trichobothrium <i>e</i> is distal to both <i>d</i> and <i>i</i>; it is situated on dorsal eXternal carina but shifted toward its dorsal surface.</p> <p> <b>Legs</b>. Legs with two pedal spurs; no tarsal spur; ventral row of tarsus III with a total of about 9 small spinules, of increasing size from proXimal to distal, positioned on a single straight row; 3 main flanking pairs of tarsal setae adjacent to the ventral spinule row. Granulation present on dorsal and ventral surface of leg femora, it is mostly marked and dark ventrally.</p> <p> <b>Chelicerae</b>. Smooth, without marbling or reticulation, with darker apical portion of denticles. Movable finger: the dorsal distal denticle is much smaller than the ventral distal denticle; ventral edge is smooth with brush-like setae on the inner part; dorsal edge has five denticles: one large distal, one medium and one small subdistal, one large median and a small basal. FiXed finger has four denticles: one distal, one subdistal, one median and one basal, the last two in a fork arrangement; the internal surface has brush-like setae.</p> <p> AFFINITIES. The new taXon can be distinguished from the other scorpion species belonging to the subgenus <i>Euscorpius</i> or similar to it, that occur in the same, or nearby, areas as follows.</p> <p> It is possible to distinguish <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. from the species of “ <i>E. hadzii</i> compleX” by the main following features: (1) the number of trichobothrial in some series on pedipalp patella eXternal surface, which usually are <i>eba</i> > 5 and <i>eb</i> = 5 in <i>E. hadzii</i> compleX, versus <i> eb a</i> = 4 and <i>eb</i> = 4 in <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>.; (2) <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. is generally more elongated with all segments of the pedipalps and the carapace proportionally longer than in <i>E. hadzii</i>; (3) <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. has the spinule series on tarsus positioned in a single straight row or ending with a decentralized distal spinule, while in <i>E. hadzii</i> it ends with distal paired spinules formed as a “Y”.</p> <p> <i>Euscorpius biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. differs from <i>E. borovaglavaensis</i> and <i>E. tergestinus</i> mainly in the following features: (1) <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. has general habitus more elongated, with all segments of the pedipalps and the carapace proportionally longer than in <i>E. borovaglavaensis</i> and <i>E. tergestinus</i>; (2) in <i>E.biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>., because of the elongated chela and more proXimal position of the base of fiXed finger, the trichobothria <i>db</i> and <i>dsb</i> occur in more distal position than in <i>E. borovaglavaensis</i> and <i>E. tergestinus</i>, which have the trichobothrium <i>db</i> in basal position and <i>dsb</i> more proXimally; (3) <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. has a proportionally longer pedipalp femur that is usually longer than pedipalp patella, while <i>E. borovaglavaensis</i> and <i>E. tergestinus</i> have a more stocky femur which is usually shorter than patella and sometimes as long as it; (4) <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. has a particularly elongated carapace compared with <i>E. borovaglavaensis</i> and <i>E. tergestinus</i>; its anterior part is on average 39.35% of the total length of carapace, so the eyes occur in more proXimal position, while <i>E. borovaglavaensis</i> and <i>E. tergestinus</i> have a more stocky carapace, with the length of its anterior part is on average 44.17% and 43.21% of the total length of carapace, respectively; (5) <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. has the spinule series on tarsus positioned in a single straight row or ending with a decentralized distal spinule, while in <i>E. borovaglavaensis</i> and <i>E. tergestinus</i> it ends with distal paired spinules as a “Y”; (6) the colour of the adults is very light brown to light brownreddish without reticulation or marbling in <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. while <i>E. borovaglavaensis</i> is dark brown with marked marbling on most of body.</p> <p> <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. differs from <i>E. aquilejensis</i> in the following features: (1) <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. has more elongated chelae, with <i>Lchel/Wchel</i> average ratio of 3.09 in males and 3.18 in females versus 2.79 in males and 2.89 in females of <i>E. aquilejensis</i>; (2) <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. has the metasomal segment I longer than wide in males and usually longer than wide (but it sometimes slightly wider than long) in females, while in <i>E. aquilejensis</i> it is wider than long; (3) <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. has the V segment with the ventrolateral carinae with little marked, spaced and slightly serrulated granules and the ventromedian carinae obsolete with the normal granulation present on the whole intercarinal surface while <i>E. aquilejensis</i> has both those carinae well-marked and serrulated.</p> <p> <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. differs from <i>E. feti</i> mostly in the following features: (1) <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. has lower number of patellar trichobothria in some series, <i>Pv</i> = 8-9 (mostly 8), and usually <i>et</i> = 6, versus usually <i>Pv</i> = 11-12 and <i>et</i> = 7-8 in <i>E. feti</i>; (2) <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. has lower number of pectinal teeth, usually <i>Dp</i> = 7 in males and 6 in females while <i>E. feti</i> has <i>Dp</i> = 8-9 in males and 7-8 in females.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION. Western Balkans: Bosnia & Herzegovina (south), Croatia (south) (Fig. 24).</p> <p> ECOLOGICAL AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON CAVE SPECIMENS. The biospeleological studies conducted by the second author in Croatia from 1987 to present, resulted in collecting many scorpion specimens, primary in caves and some similar habitats (mines, underground tunnels). After a detailed taXonomic analysis, performed by the first author, a new <i>Euscorpius</i> species is described here, found in 26 caves (Table 3), collected in 2000–2018. It is obvious that <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. has a significant affinity to cave habitats within its predominantly karstic geographic range.</p> <p> The geographic range of <i>E. biokovensis</i> <b>sp</b>. <b>n</b>. occupies the Mediterranean region of the Dinaric Alps (Dinarides), located mainly in the mountain ranges between the Dalmatian Zagora in the north and the Neretva River in the southeast, including mainly (from south to north): Biokovo Mts., Omiška Dinara Mts., and Mosor Mts. It stretches further to the warm sub-Mediterranean area deep into northeastern Herzegovina (Konjic) via the deep canyon of the Neretva River, together with some isolated findings in the adjacent Korčula Island, south to the Pelješac
Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021. a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease Study 2021
No full textBackground: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk-outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk-outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk-outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk-outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7-9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4-9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7-6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8-6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8-6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0-4 years and 5-14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9-27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5-28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3-56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9-21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3-12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6-1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1-1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4-78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2-72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textRegular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations.Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; Queensland Department of Health, Australia; UK Department of Health and Social Care; the Norwegian Institute of Public Health; St Jude Children’s Research Hospital; and the New Zealand Ministry of Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with license number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law–2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. Collection of these data was made possible by USAID under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00.Peer ReviewedArticle signat per 2000 autors/es: Mohsen Naghavi , Kanyin Liane Ong , Amirali Aali , Hazim S Ababneh , Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate , Cristiana Abbafati , Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh , Mohammadreza Abbasian , Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari , Hedayat Abbastabar , Samar Abd ElHafeez , Michael Abdelmasseh , Sherief Abd-Elsalam , Ahmed Abdelwahab , Mohammad Abdollahi , Mohammad-Amin Abdollahifar , Meriem Abdoun , Deldar Morad Abdulah , Auwal Abdullahi , Mesfin Abebe , Samrawit Shawel Abebe , Aidin Abedi , Kedir Hussein Abegaz , E S Abhilash , Hassan Abidi , Olumide Abiodun , Richard Gyan Aboagye , Hassan Abolhassani , Meysam Abolmaali , Mohamed Abouzid , Girma Beressa Aboye , Lucas Guimarães Abreu , Woldu Aberhe Abrha , Dariush Abtahi , Samir Abu Rumeileh , Hasan Abualruz , Bilyaminu Abubakar , Eman Abu-Gharbieh , Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh , Salahdein Aburuz , Ahmed Abu-Zaid , Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi , Tadele Girum Adal , Abdu A Adamu , Isaac Yeboah Addo , Giovanni Addolorato , Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi , Victor Adekanmbi , Abiola Victor Adepoju , Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji , Juliana Bunmi Adetunji , Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa , Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka , Olorunsola Israel Adeyomoye , Biruk Adie Adie Admass , Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani , Saryia Adra , Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi , Muhammad Sohail Afzal , Saira Afzal , Suneth Buddhika Agampodi , Pradyumna Agasthi , Manik Aggarwal , Shahin Aghamiri , Feleke Doyore Agide , Antonella Agodi , Anurag Agrawal , Williams Agyemang-Duah , Bright Opoku Ahinkorah , Aqeel Ahmad , Danish Ahmad , Firdos Ahmad , Muayyad M Ahmad , Sajjad Ahmad , Shahzaib Ahmad , Tauseef Ahmad , Keivan Ahmadi , Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade , Ali Ahmed , Ayman Ahmed , Haroon Ahmed , Luai A Ahmed , Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed , Meqdad Saleh Ahmed , Muktar Beshir Ahmed , Syed Anees Ahmed , Marjan Ajami , Budi Aji , Essona Matatom Akara , Hossein Akbarialiabad , Karolina Akinosoglou , Tomi Akinyemiju , Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif , Samuel Akyirem , Hanadi Al Hamad , Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan , Fares Alahdab , Samer O Alalalmeh , Tariq A Alalwan , Ziyad Al-Aly , Khurshid Alam , Manjurul Alam , Noore Alam , Rasmieh Mustafa Al-amer , Fahad Mashhour Alanezi , Turki M Alanzi , Sayer Al-Azzam , Almaza Albakri , Mohammed Albashtawy , Mohammad T AlBataineh , Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal , Khalifah A Aldawsari , Wafa A Aldhaleei , Robert W Aldridge , Haileselasie Berhane Alema , Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu , Sharifullah Alemi , Yihun Mulugeta Alemu , Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi , Khalid F Alhabib , Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa , Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi , Abid Ali , Amjad Ali , Liaqat Ali , Mohammed Usman Ali , Rafat Ali , Shahid Ali , Syed Shujait Shujait Ali , Gianfranco Alicandro , Sheikh Mohammad Alif , Reyhaneh Alikhani , Yousef Alimohamadi , Ahmednur Adem Aliyi , Mohammad A M Aljasir , Syed Mohamed Aljunid , François Alla , Peter Allebeck , Sabah Al-Marwani , Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri , Joseph Uy Almazan , Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi , Louay Almidani , Omar Almidani , Mahmoud A Alomari , Basem Al-Omari , Jordi Alonso , Jaber S Alqahtani , Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi , Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi , Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah , Zaid Altaany , Awais Altaf , Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq , Khalid A Altirkawi , Deborah Oyine Aluh , Nelson Alvis-Guzman , Hassan Alwafi , Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi , Hany Aly , Safwat Aly , Karem H Alzoubi , Reza Amani , Azmeraw T Amare , Prince M Amegbor , Edward Kwabena Ameyaw , Tarek Tawfik Amin , Alireza Amindarolzarbi , Sohrab Amiri , Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq , Hubert Amu , Dickson A Amugsi , Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa , Robert Ancuceanu , Deanna Anderlini , David B Anderson , Pedro Prata Andrade , Catalina Liliana Andrei , Tudorel Andrei , Colin Angus , Abhishek Anil , Sneha Anil , Amir Anoushiravani , Hossein Ansari , Ansariadi Ansariadi , Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam , Catherine M Antony , Ernoiz Antriyandarti , Davood Anvari , Saeid Anvari , Saleha Anwar , Sumadi Lukman Anwar , Razique Anwer , Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor , Muhammad Aqeel , Juan Pablo Arab , Jalal Arabloo , Mosab Arafat , Aleksandr Y Aravkin , Demelash Areda , Abdulfatai Aremu , Olatunde Aremu , Hany Ariffin , Mesay Arkew , Benedetta Armocida , Michael Benjamin Arndt , Johan Ärnlöv , Mahwish Arooj , Anton A Artamonov , Judie Arulappan , Raphael Taiwo Aruleba , Ashokan Arumugam , Malke Asaad , Mohsen Asadi-Lari , Akeza Awealom Asgedom , Mona Asghariahmadabad , Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi , Muhammad Ashraf , Armin Aslani , Thomas Astell-Burt , Mohammad Athar , Seyyed Shamsadin Athari , Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye Atinafu , Habtamu Wondmagegn Atlaw , Prince Atorkey , Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout , Alok Atreya , Avinash Aujayeb , Marcel Ausloos , Abolfazl Avan , Atalel Fentahun Awedew , Amlaku Mulat Aweke , Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla , Haleh Ayatollahi , Jose L Ayuso-Mateos , Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh , Sina Azadnajafabad , Rui M S Azevedo , Ahmed Y Azzam , Darshan B B , Abraham Samuel Babu , Muhammad Badar , Ashish D Badiye , Soroush Baghdadi , Nasser Bagheri , Sara Bagherieh , Sulaiman Bah , Saeed Bahadorikhalili , Najmeh Bahmanziari , Ruhai Bai , Atif Amin Baig , Jennifer L Baker , Abdulaziz T Bako , Ravleen Kaur Bakshi , Senthilkumar Balakrishnan , Madhan Balasubramanian , Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu , Kiran Bam , Maciej Banach , Soham Bandyopadhyay , Palash Chandra Banik , Hansi Bansal , Kannu Bansal , Franca Barbic , Martina Barchitta , Mainak Bardhan , Erfan Bardideh , Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo , Till Winfried Bärnighausen , Francesco Barone-Adesi , Hiba Jawdat Barqawi , Lope H Barrero , Amadou Barrow , Sandra Barteit , Lingkan Barua , Zarrin Basharat , Azadeh Bashiri , Afisu Basiru , Pritish Baskaran , Buddha Basnyat , Quique Bassat , João Diogo Basso , Ann V L Basting , Sanjay Basu , Kavita Batra , Bernhard T Baune , Mohsen Bayati , Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn , Thomas Beaney , Neeraj Bedi , Massimiliano Beghi , Emad Behboudi , Priyamadhaba Behera , Amir Hossein Behnoush , Masoud Behzadifar , Maryam Beiranvand , Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez , Yannick Béjot , Sefealem Assefa Belay , Chalie Mulu Belete , Michelle L Bell , Muhammad Bashir Bello , Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello , Luis Belo , Apostolos Beloukas , Rose Grace Bender , Isabela M Bensenor , Azizullah Beran , Zombor Berezvai , Alemshet Yirga Berhie , Betyna N Berice , Robert S Bernstein , Gregory J Bertolacci , Paulo J G Bettencourt , Kebede A Beyene , Devidas S Bhagat , Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula , Neeraj Bhala , Ashish Bhalla , Dinesh Bhandari , Kayleigh Bhangdia , Nikha Bhardwaj , Pankaj Bhardwaj , Prarthna V Bhardwaj , Ashish Bhargava , Sonu Bhaskar , Vivek Bhat , Gurjit Kaur Bhatti , Jasvinder Singh Bhatti , Manpreet S Bhatti , Rajbir Bhatti , Zulfiqar A Bhutta , Boris Bikbov , Jessica Devin Bishai , Catherine Bisignano , Francesca Bisulli , Atanu Biswas , Bijit Biswas , Saeid Bitaraf , Bikes Destaw Bitew , Veera R Bitra , Tone Bjørge , Micheal Kofi Boachie , Mary Sefa Boampong , Anca Vasilica Bobirca , Virginia Bodolica , Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin , Eyob Ketema Bogale , Kassawmar Angaw Bogale , Somayeh Bohlouli , Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa , Archith Boloor , Milad Bonakdar Hashemi , Aime Bonny , Kaustubh Bora , Berrak Bora Basara , Hamed Borhany , Arturo Borzutzky , Souad Bouaoud , Antoine Boustany , Christopher Boxe , Edward J Boyko , Oliver J Brady , Dejana Braithwaite , Luisa C Brant , Michael Brauer , Alexandra Brazinova , Javier Brazo-Sayavera , Nicholas J K Breitborde , Susanne Breitner , Hermann Brenner , Andrey Nikolaevich Briko , Nikolay Ivanovich Briko , Gabrielle Britton , Julie Brown , Traolach Brugha , Norma B Bulamu , Lemma N Bulto , Danilo Buonsenso , Richard A Burns , Reinhard Busse , Yasser Bustanji , Nadeem Shafique Butt , Zahid A Butt , Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos , Daniela Calina , Luis Alberto Cámera , Luciana Aparecida Campos , Ismael R Campos-Nonato , Chao Cao , Yin Cao , Angelo Capodici , Rosario Cárdenas , Sinclair Carr , Giulia Carreras , Juan J Carrero , Andrea Carugno , Cristina G Carvalheiro , Felix Carvalho , Márcia Carvalho , Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia , Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela , Giulio Castelpietra , Ferrán Catalá-López , Alberico L Catapano , Maria Sofia Cattaruzza , Christopher R Cederroth , Luca Cegolon , Francieli Cembranel , Muthia Cenderadewi , Kelly M Cercy , Ester Cerin , Muge Cevik , Joshua Chadwick , Yaacoub Chahine , Chiranjib Chakraborty , Promit Ananyo Chakraborty , Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan , Raymond N C Chan , Rama Mohan Chandika , Eeshwar K Chandrasekar , Chin-Kuo Chang , Jung-Chen Chang , Gashaw Sisay Chanie , Periklis Charalampous , Vijay Kumar Chattu , Pankaj Chaturvedi , Victoria Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou , Akhilanand Chaurasia , Angela W Chen , An-Tian Chen , Catherine S Chen , Haowei Chen , Meng Xuan Chen , Simiao Chen , Ching-Yu Cheng , Esther T W Cheng , Nicolas Cherbuin , Wondimye Ashenafi Cheru , Ju-Huei Chien , Odgerel Chimed-Ochir , Ritesh Chimoriya , Patrick R Ching , Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres , Abdulaal Chitheer , William C S Cho , Bryan Chong , Hitesh Chopra , Sonali Gajanan Choudhari , Rajiv Chowdhury , Devasahayam J Christopher , Isaac Sunday Chukwu , Eric Chung , Erin Chung , Eunice Chung , Sheng-Chia Chung , Muhammad Chutiyami , Zinhle Cindi , Iolanda Cioffi , Mareli M Claassens , Rafael M Claro , Kaleb Coberly , Rebecca M Cogen , Alyssa Columbus , Haley Comfort , Joao Conde , Samuele Cortese , Paolo Angelo Cortesi , Vera Marisa Costa , Simona Costanzo , Ewerton Cousin , Rosa A S Couto , Richard G Cowden , Kenneth Michael Cramer , Michael H Criqui , Natália Cruz-Martins , Silvia Magali Cuadra-Hernández , Garland T Culbreth , Patricia Cullen , Matthew Cunningham , Maria paula Curado , Sriharsha Dadana , Omid Dadras , Siyu Dai , Xiaochen Dai , Zhaoli Dai , Lachlan L Dalli , Giovanni Damiani , Jiregna Darega Gela , Jai K Das , Saswati Das , Subasish Das , Ana Maria Dascalu , Nihar Ranjan Dash , Mohsen Dashti , Anna Dastiridou , Gail Davey , Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes , Nicole Davis Weaver , Kairat Davletov , Diego De Leo , Katie de Luca , Aklilu Tamire Debele , Shayom Debopadhaya , Louisa Degenhardt , Azizallah Dehghan , Lee Deitesfeld , Cristian Del Bo' , Ivan Delgado-Enciso , Berecha Hundessa Demessa , Andreas K Demetriades , Ke Deng , Xinlei Deng , Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez , Niloofar Deravi , Nebiyu Dereje , Nikolaos Dervenis , Emina Dervišević , Don C Des Jarlais , Hardik Dineshbhai Desai , Rupak Desai , Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu , Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan , Arkadeep Dhali , Kuldeep Dhama , Meghnath Dhimal , Sameer Dhingra , Vishal R Dhulipala , Diana Dias da Silva , Daniel Diaz , Michael J Diaz , Adriana Dima , Delaney D Ding , Huanghe Ding , Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira , M Ashworth Dirac , Shirin Djalalinia , Thao Huynh Phuong Do , Camila Bruneli do Prado , Saeid Doaei , Masoud Dodangeh , Milad Dodangeh , Sushil Dohare , Klara Georgieva Dokova , Christiane Dolecek , Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez , Wanyue Dong , Deepa Dongarwar , Mario D'Oria , Fariba Dorostkar , E Ray Dorsey , Wendel Mombaque dos Santos , Rajkumar Doshi , Leila Doshmangir , Robert Kokou Dowou , Tim Robert Driscoll , Haneil Larson Dsouza , Viola Dsouza , Mi Du , John Dube , Bruce B Duncan , Andre Rodrigues Duraes , Senbagam Duraisamy , Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye , Laura Dwyer-Lindgren , Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach , Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic , Abdel Rahman E'mar , Ejemai Eboreime , Alireza Ebrahimi , Chidiebere Peter Echieh , Hisham Atan Edinur , David Edvardsson , Kristina Edvardsson , Defi Efendi , Ferry Efendi , Diyan Ermawan Effendi , Terje Andreas Eikemo , Ebrahim Eini , Michael Ekholuenetale , Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo , Iman El Sayed , Iffat Elbarazi , Teshome Bekele Elema , Noha Mousaad Elemam , Frank J Elgar , Islam Y Elgendy , Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary , Hala Rashad Elhabashy , Muhammed Elhadi , Waseem El-Huneidi , Legesse Tesfaye Elilo , Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy , Mohamed A Elmonem , Mohammed Elshaer , Ibrahim Elsohaby , Theophilus I Emeto , Luchuo Engelbert Bain , Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar , Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor , Babak Eshrati , Sharareh Eskandarieh , Juan Espinosa-Montero , Habtamu Esubalew , Farshid Etaee , Natalia Fabin , Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka , Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe , Ayesha Fahim , Saman Fahimi , Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh , Luca Falzone , Mohammad Fareed , Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha , MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris , Pawan Sirwan Faris , Andre Faro , Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi , Ali Fatehizadeh , Hamed Fattahi , Nelsensius Klau Fauk , Pooria Fazeli , Valery L Feigin , Alireza Feizkhah , Ginenus Fekadu , Xiaoru Feng , Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad , Abdullah Hamid Feroze , Daniela Ferrante , Alize J Ferrari , Nuno Ferreira , Getahun Fetensa , Bikila Regassa Feyisa , Irina Filip , Florian Fischer , Joanne Flavel , David Flood , Bobirca Teodor Florin , Nataliya A Foigt , Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan , Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov , Behzad Foroutan , Masoud Foroutan , Ingeborg Forthun , Daniela Fortuna , Matteo Foschi , Kayode Raphael Fowobaje , Kate Louise Francis , Richard Charles Franklin , Alberto Freitas , Joseph Friedman , Sara D Friedman , Takeshi Fukumoto , John E Fuller , Blima Fux , Peter Andras Gaal , Muktar A Gadanya , Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane , Santosh Gaihre , Emmanuela Gakidou , Yaseen Galali , Natalie C Galles , Silvano Gallus , Mandukhai Ganbat , Aravind P Gandhi , Balasankar Ganesan , Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani , MA Garcia-Gordillo , William M Gardner , Jalaj Garg , Naval Garg , Rupesh K Gautam , Semiu Olatunde Gbadamosi , Tilaye Gebru Gebi , Miglas W Gebregergis , Mesfin Gebrehiwot , Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel , Simona Roxana Georgescu , Tamirat Getachew , Peter W Gething , Molla Getie , Keyghobad Ghadiri , Sulmaz Ghahramani , Khalid Yaser Ghailan , Mohammad-Reza Ghasemi , Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi , Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh , Ahmad Ghashghaee , Fariba Ghassemi , Ramy Mohamed Ghazy , Ajnish Ghimire , Sama Ghoba , Maryam Gholamalizadeh , Asadollah Gholamian , Ali Gholamrezanezhad , Nasim Gholizadeh , Mahsa Ghorbani , Pooyan Ghorbani Vajargah , Aloke Gopal Ghoshal , Paramjit Singh Gill , Tiffany K Gill , Richard F Gillum , Themba G Ginindza , Alem Girmay , James C Glasbey , Elena V Gnedovskaya , Laszlo Göbölös , Myron Anthony Godinho , Amit Goel , Ali Golchin , Mohamad Goldust , Mahaveer Golechha , Pouya Goleij , Nelson G M Gomes , Philimon N Gona , Sameer Vali Gopalani , Giuseppe Gorini , Houman Goudarzi , Alessandra C Goulart , Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart , Anmol Goyal , Ayman Grada , Simon Matthew Graham , Michal Grivna , Giuseppe Grosso , Shi-Yang Guan , Giovanni Guarducci , Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari , Mesay Dechasa Gudeta , Avirup Guha , Stefano Guicciardi , Rafael Alves Guimarães , Snigdha Gulati , Damitha Asanga Gunawardane , Sasidhar Gunturu , Cui Guo , Anish Kumar Gupta , Bhawna Gupta , Manoj Kumar Gupta , Mohak Gupta , Rajat Das Gupta , Rajeev Gupta , Sapna Gupta , Veer Bala Gupta , Vijai Kumar Gupta , Vivek Kumar Gupta , Lami Gurmessa , Reyna Alma Gutiérrez , Farrokh Habibzadeh , Parham Habibzadeh , Rasool Haddadi , Mostafa Hadei , Najah R Hadi , Nils Haep , Nima Hafezi-Nejad , Alemayehu Hailu , Arvin Haj-Mirzaian , Esam S Halboub , Brian J Hall , Sebastian Haller , Rabih Halwani , Randah R Hamadeh , Sajid Hameed , Samer Hamidi , Erin B Hamilton , Chieh Han , Qiuxia Han , Asif Hanif , Nasrin Hanifi , Graeme J Hankey , Fahad Hanna , Md Abdul Hannan , Md Nuruzzaman Haque , Harapan Harapan , Arief Hargono , Josep Maria Haro , Ahmed I Hasaballah , Ikramul Hasan , M Tasdik Hasan , Hamidreza Hasani , Mohammad Hasanian , Abdiwahab Hashi , Md Saquib Hasnain , Ikrama Hassan , Soheil Hassanipour , Hadi Hassankhani , Johannes Haubold , Rasmus J Havmoeller , Simon I Hay , Jiawei He , Jeffrey J Hebert , Omar E Hegazi , Golnaz Heidari , Mohammad Heidari , Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan , Bartosz Helfer , Delia Hendrie , Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna , Claudiu Herteliu , Hamed Hesami , Kamal Hezam , Catherine L Hill , Yuta Hiraike , Ramesh Holla , Nobuyuki Horita , Md Mahbub Hossain , Sahadat Hossain , Mohammad-Salar Hosseini , Hassan Hosseinzadeh , Mehdi Hosseinzadeh , Ahmad Hosseinzadeh Adli , Mihaela Hostiuc , Sorin Hostiuc , Mohamed Hsairi , Vivian Chia-rong Hsieh , Rebecca L Hsu , Chengxi Hu , Junjie Huang , Michael Hultström , Ayesha Humayun , Tsegaye Gebreyes Hundie , Javid Hussain , M Azhar Hussain , Nawfal R Hussein , Foziya Mohammed Hussien , Hong-Han Huynh , Bing-Fang Hwang , Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye , Khalid S Ibrahim , Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar , Desta Ijo , Adalia I Ikiroma , Kevin S Ikuta , Paul Chukwudi Ikwegbue , Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi , Irena M Ilic , Milena D Ilic , Mohammad Tarique Imam , Mustapha Immurana , Sumant Inamdar , Endang Indriasih , Muhammad Iqhrammullah , Arnaud Iradukunda , Kenneth Chukwuemeka Iregbu , Md Rabiul Islam , Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam , Farhad Islami , Faisal Ismail , Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail , Hiroyasu Iso , Gaetano Isola , Masao Iwagami , Chidozie C D Iwu , Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu , Mahalaxmi Iyer , Linda Merin J , Jalil Jaafari , Louis Jacob , Kathryn H Jacobsen , Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh , Morteza Jafarinia , Abdollah Jafarzadeh , Khushleen Jaggi , Kasra Jahankhani , Nader Jahanmehr , Haitham Jahrami , Nityanand Jain , Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun , Abhishek Jaiswal , Elham Jamshidi , Mark M Janko , Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau , Sabzali Javadov , Tahereh Javaheri , Sathish Kumar Jayapal , Shubha Jayaram , Rime Jebai , Sun Ha Jee , Jayakumar Jeganathan , Anil K Jha , Ravi Prakash Jha , Heng Jiang , Yingzhao Jin , Olatunji Johnson , Mohammad Jokar , Jost B Jonas , Tamas Joo , Abel Joseph , Nitin Joseph , Charity Ehimwenma Joshua , Grace Joshy , Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak , Mikk Jürisson , Vaishali K , Billingsley Kaambwa , Ali Kabir , Zubair Kabir , Vidya Kadashetti , Dler Hussein Kadir , Rizwan Kalani , Laleh R Kalankesh , Leila R Kalankesh , Feroze Kaliyadan , Sanjay Kalra , Vineet Kumar Kamal , Sivesh Kathir Kamarajah , Rajesh Kamath , Zahra Kamiab , Naser Kamyari , Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai , Tanuj Kanchan , Himal Kandel , Arun R Kanmanthareddy , Edmund Wedam Kanmiki , Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi , Suthanthira Kannan S , Sushil Kumar Kansal , Rami S Kantar , Neeti Kapoor , Mehrdad Karajizadeh , Shama D Karanth , Reema A Karasneh , Ibraheem M Karaye , André Karch , Asima Karim , Salah Eddin Karimi , Arman Karimi Behnagh , Faizan Zaffar Kashoo , Qalandar Hussein Abdulkarim Kasnazani , Hengameh Kasraei , Nicholas J Kassebaum , Molly B Kassel , Joonas H Kauppila , Navjot Kaur , Norito Kawakami , Gbenga A Kayode , Foad Kazemi , Sina Kazemian , Tahseen Haider Kazmi , Getu Mosisa Kebebew , Adera Debella Kebede , Fassikaw Kebede , Tibebeselassie S Keflie , Peter Njenga Keiyoro , Cathleen Keller , Jaimon Terence Kelly , John H Kempen , Jessica A Kerr , Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot , Himanshu Khajuria , Amirmohammad Khalaji , Nauman Khalid , Anees Ahmed Khalil , Alireza Khalilian , Faham Khamesipour , Ajmal Khan , Asaduzzaman Khan , Gulfaraz Khan , Ikramullah Khan , Imteyaz A Khan , M Nuruzzaman Khan , Maseer Khan , Mohammad Jobair Khan , Moien AB Khan , Zeeshan Ali Khan , Mahammed Ziauddin Khan suheb , Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi , Khaled Khatab , Fatemeh Khatami , Haitham Khatatbeh , Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh , Armin Khavandegar , Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani , Feriha Fatima Khidri , Elaheh Khodadoust , Mohammad Khorgamphar , Moein Khormali , Zahra Khorrami , Ahmad Khosravi , Mohammad Ali Khosravi , Zemene Demelash Kifle , Grace Kim , Jihee Kim , Kwanghyun Kim , Min Seo Kim , Yun Jin Kim , Ruth W Kimokoti , Kasey E Kinzel , Adnan Kisa , Sezer Kisa , Desmond Klu , Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen , Jonathan M Kocarnik , Sonali Kochhar , Timea Kocsis , David S Q Koh , Ali-Asghar Kolahi , Kairi Kolves , Farzad Kompani , Gerbrand Koren , Soewarta Kosen , Karel Kostev , Parvaiz A Koul , Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana , Kewal Krishan , Hare Krishna , Varun Krishna , Vijay Krishnamoorthy , Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy , Kris J Krohn , Barthelemy Kuate Defo , Burcu Kucuk Bicer , Md Abdul Kuddus , Mohammed Kuddus , Ilari Kuitunen , Mukhtar Kulimbet , Vishnutheertha Kulkarni , Akshay Kumar , Ashish Kumar , Harish Kumar , Manasi Kumar , Rakesh Kumar , Madhulata Kumari , Fantahun Tarekegn Kumie , Satyajit Kundu , Om P Kurmi , Asep Kusnali , Dian
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
No full textBackground: The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods: Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian metaregression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings: All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation: Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks
Forecasting the effects of smoking prevalence scenarios on years of life lost and life expectancy from 2022 to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textBackground: Smoking is the leading behavioural risk factor for mortality globally, accounting for more than 175 million deaths and nearly 4·30 billion years of life lost (YLLs) from 1990 to 2021. The pace of decline in smoking prevalence has slowed in recent years for many countries, and although strategies have recently been proposed to achieve tobacco-free generations, none have been implemented to date. Assessing what could happen if current trends in smoking prevalence persist, and what could happen if additional smoking prevalence reductions occur, is important for communicating the effect of potential smoking policies. Methods: In this analysis, we use the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's Future Health Scenarios platform to forecast the effects of three smoking prevalence scenarios on all-cause and cause-specific YLLs and life expectancy at birth until 2050. YLLs were computed for each scenario using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 reference life table and forecasts of cause-specific mortality under each scenario. The reference scenario forecasts what could occur if past smoking prevalence and other risk factor trends continue, the Tobacco Smoking Elimination as of 2023 (Elimination-2023) scenario quantifies the maximum potential future health benefits from assuming zero percent smoking prevalence from 2023 onwards, whereas the Tobacco Smoking Elimination by 2050 (Elimination-2050) scenario provides estimates for countries considering policies to steadily reduce smoking prevalence to 5%. Together, these scenarios underscore the magnitude of health benefits that could be reached by 2050 if countries take decisive action to eliminate smoking. The 95% uncertainty interval (UI) of estimates is based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of draws that were carried through the multistage computational framework. Findings: Global age-standardised smoking prevalence was estimated to be 28·5% (95% UI 27·9–29·1) among males and 5·96% (5·76–6·21) among females in 2022. In the reference scenario, smoking prevalence declined by 25·9% (25·2–26·6) among males, and 30·0% (26·1–32·1) among females from 2022 to 2050. Under this scenario, we forecast a cumulative 29·3 billion (95% UI 26·8–32·4) overall YLLs among males and 22·2 billion (20·1–24·6) YLLs among females over this period. Life expectancy at birth under this scenario would increase from 73·6 years (95% UI 72·8–74·4) in 2022 to 78·3 years (75·9–80·3) in 2050. Under our Elimination-2023 scenario, we forecast 2·04 billion (95% UI 1·90–2·21) fewer cumulative YLLs by 2050 compared with the reference scenario, and life expectancy at birth would increase to 77·6 years (95% UI 75·1–79·6) among males and 81·0 years (78·5–83·1) among females. Under our Elimination-2050 scenario, we forecast 735 million (675–808) and 141 million (131–154) cumulative YLLs would be avoided among males and females, respectively. Life expectancy in 2050 would increase to 77·1 years (95% UI 74·6–79·0) among males and 80·8 years (78·3–82·9) among females. Interpretation: Existing tobacco policies must be maintained if smoking prevalence is to continue to decline as forecast by the reference scenario. In addition, substantial smoking-attributable burden can be avoided by accelerating the pace of smoking elimination. Implementation of new tobacco control policies are crucial in avoiding additional smoking-attributable burden in the coming decades and to ensure that the gains won over the past three decades are not lost. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textBackground: Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care, prevention, and resource allocation planning. We aimed to provide such estimates for the period 1990–2021. Methods: We estimated incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 people per year for overall stroke, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We also calculated burden of stroke attributable to 23 risk factors and six risk clusters (air pollution, tobacco smoking, behavioural, dietary, environmental, and metabolic risks) at the global and regional levels (21 GBD regions and Socio-demographic Index [SDI] quintiles), using the standard GBD methodology. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In 2021, stroke was the third most common GBD level 3 cause of death (7·3 million [95% UI 6·6–7·8] deaths; 10·7% [9·8–11·3] of all deaths) after ischaemic heart disease and COVID-19, and the fourth most common cause of DALYs (160·5 million [147·8–171·6] DALYs; 5·6% [5·0–6·1] of all DALYs). In 2021, there were 93·8 million (89·0–99·3) prevalent and 11·9 million (10·7–13·2) incident strokes. We found disparities in stroke burden and risk factors by GBD region, country or territory, and SDI, as well as a stagnation in the reduction of incidence from 2015 onwards, and even some increases in the stroke incidence, death, prevalence, and DALY rates in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, countries with lower SDI, and people younger than 70 years. Globally, ischaemic stroke constituted 65·3% (62·4–67·7), intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 28·8% (28·3–28·8), and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 5·8% (5·7–6·0) of incident strokes. There were substantial increases in DALYs attributable to high BMI (88·2% [53·4–117·7]), high ambient temperature (72·4% [51·1 to 179·5]), high fasting plasma glucose (32·1% [26·7–38·1]), diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages (23·4% [12·7–35·7]), low physical activity (11·3% [1·8–34·9]), high systolic blood pressure (6·7% [2·5–11·6]), lead exposure (6·5% [4·5–11·2]), and diet low in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (5·3% [0·5–10·5]). Interpretation: Stroke burden has increased from 1990 to 2021, and the contribution of several risk factors has also increased. Effective, accessible, and affordable measures to improve stroke surveillance, prevention (with the emphasis on blood pressure, lifestyle, and environmental factors), acute care, and rehabilitation need to be urgently implemented across all countries to reduce stroke burden. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textFunding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.Peer ReviewedArticle signat per 1420 autors/es. Membres del GBD 2021 Forecasting Collaborators:
Stein Emil Vollset*, Hazim S Ababneh, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh, Mohammadreza Abbasian, Hedayat Abbastabar, Abdallah H A Abd Al Magied, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Atef Abdelkader, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Parsa Abdi, Mohammad Abdollahi, Meriem Abdoun, Auwal Abdullahi, Mesfin Abebe, Olumide Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Mohamed Abouzid, Girma Beressa Aboye, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Abdorrahim Absalan, Hasan Abualruz, Bilyaminu Abubakar, Hana Jihad Jihad Abukhadijah, Giovanni Addolorato, Victor Adekanmbi, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Rishan Adha, Ripon Kumar Adhikary, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Fatemeh Afrashteh, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Faith Agbozo, Antonella Agodi, Anurag Agrawal, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Austin J Ahlstrom, Aqeel Ahmad, Firdos Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Shahzaib Ahmad, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Safoora Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Karolina Akinosoglou, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Ashley E Akrami, Ema Akter, Salah Al Awaidy, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Amjad S Al Mosa, Omar Al Ta’ani, Omar Ali Mohammed Al Zaabi, Fares Alahdab, Muaaz M Alajlani, Yazan Al-Ajlouni, Samer O Alalalmeh, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Noore Alam, Tahiya Alam, Zufishan Alam, Rasmieh Mustafa Al-amer, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Almaza Albakri, Wafa A Aldhaleei, Robert W Aldridge, Seyedeh Yasaman Alemohammad, Yihun Mulugeta Alemu, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Abid Ali, Amjad Ali, Iman Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Victor Ekoche Ali, Waad Ali, Akram Al-Ibraheem, Gianfranco Alicandro, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, François Alla, Joseph Uy Almazan, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Mohammed A Alsabri, Zaid Altaany, Ala’a B Al-Tammemi, Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq, Khalid A Altirkawi, Deborah Oyine Aluh, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Mohammad Sami Al-Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Mohammad Sharif Alyahya, Karem H Alzoubi, Walid Al-Zyoud, Reza Amani, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Alireza Amindarolzarbi, Sohrab Amiri, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Dickson A Amugsi, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, David B Anderson, Pedro Prata Andrade, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Erick Adrian Andrews, Abhishek Anil, Sneha Anil, Amir Anoushiravani, Catherine M Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Saeid Anvari, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Francis Appiah, Michele Aquilano, Juan Pablo Arab, Jalal Arabloo, Elshaimaa A Arafa, Mosab Arafat, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Ali Ardekani, Demelash Areda, Brhane Berhe Aregawi, Abdulfatai Aremu, Hany Ariffin, Mesay Arkew, Keivan Armani, Anton A Artamonov, Ashokan Arumugam, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Charlie Ashbaugh, 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