1,721,056 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Effect of anticipation on visceral pain induced by rectal distension in quiescent Crohn’s disease : a fMRI study
No full textLa maladie de Crohn est caractérisée par l'alternance de phases de rémission et de poussées d'inflammation intestinale, de survenue imprévisible. L'objectif de la thèse était d'étudier l'effet, en terme d'activité cérébrale (IRMf), de l'incertitude dans l'anticipation de la survenue d'une douleur viscérale dans la MC en rémission. Les résultats majeurs montrent que dans la MC, cette phase est associée à une hyperactivation significative, par rapport au sujet sain, du cortex cingulaire antérieur et postérieur, de l'insula, du thalamus et de l'amygdale. Il s'agit de régions clés dans la gestion sensorielle, cognitive et émotionnelle de la douleur. En conclusion, la MC est associée à une hyperréactivité cérébrale liée au caractère incertain de la survenue d'une douleur viscérale. Ceci peut expliquer une plus grande vulnérabilité des patients face aux effets du stress sur leurs symptômes et le cours de leur maladie et l'efficacité des thérapies cognitivo-comportementales.Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic recurring inflammatory bowel disease, with unpredictable recurrence of flares; this unpredictability leads to great anticipatory anxiety and stress. The aim of this thesis was to study the effect, in terms of brain activity (fMRI), of uncertainty in the anticipation of visceral pain in quiescent CD. Le main results show that in CD, uncertainty is associated with hyperactivity in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, insula, thalamus and amygdala. These are key regions in the regulation of sensory, cognitive and emotional aspects of pain. In conclusion, CD comprises excessive cerebral reactivity linked to the uncertain character of the occurrence of visceral pain. This might account for the greater vulnerability of CD patients towards the effects of stress on their symptoms and the course of their disease, as well as the efficacy of behavioral therapies that aim at modifying the activity of limbic structures
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Brain-gut interactions and low-frequency vagus nerve stimulation in an anaesthetized rat model : involvement of the central nervous system and the immune system
No full textIntroductionLa neurostimulation vagale (NSV) à haute fréquence (30 Hz) est utilisée commethérapeutique de certaines formes d’épilepsie et de dépression réfractaires aux traitements chezl’Homme. De plus, la NSV à basse fréquence (5 Hz) a été expérimentée avec succès chez l’animalpour traiter différentes inflammations périphériques, notamment digestives. Des travaux récents ontmis en évidence que cet effet anti-inflammatoire est induit par l’activation des fibres efférentesvagales, libérant en périphérie de l’acétylcholine, inhibant la sécrétion des cytokines proinflammatoires.Cette voie est connue sous le nom de voie anti-inflammatoire cholinergique.Toutefois, le mécanisme d’action de la NSV 5 Hz reste mal connu et d’autres voies pourraient êtremises en jeu impliquant le système nerveux central (SNC) et le système immunitaire périphérique.ButLes travaux réalisés ont eu pour objectif d’étudier l’implication du SNC et du systèmeimmunitaire dans la modulation de l’inflammation induite par la NSV basse fréquence chez unmodèle de rat anesthésié. Tout d’abord, afin d’étudier l’implication du SNC lors de la NSV 5 Hz, uneétude d’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) a été réalisée sur le rat «sain»anesthésié. Ensuite, une étude a été effectuée sur l’effet de la NSV sur les cellules immunitairesspléniques ainsi que sur le tube digestif chez un modèle de rat «sain» puis chez un modèle de ratatteint d’une colite expérimentale induite par une injection intra-colique d’acide trinitrobenzènesulfonique (TNBS).RésultatsLes données obtenues lors de l’étude d’IRMf ont mis en évidence un rôle important desfibres afférentes vagales; elles modulent certaines structures du SNC qui pourraient participer à larégulation de l’inflammation digestive induite par la NSV 5 Hz. Les études réalisées sur les souspopulationslymphocytaires spléniques ont révélé que d’autres cellules immunitaires que lesmacrophages étaient impliquées lors de la NSV. Chez le modèle de rat «sain», les résultats decytométrie en flux ont montré que la NSV 3h 5 Hz induisait une diminution de l’activation deslymphocytes T CD4 ainsi que du pourcentage de NKT par rapport aux lymphocytes T. Ces résultatssont en faveur d’un rôle de la NSV 3h inhibant l’activation lymphocytaire et jouant un rôle sur les NKTpossédant des propriétés immunorégulatrices. La NSV 3h n’a pas le même effet chez le modèle de ratprésentant une colite. En effet, le dosage de cytokines sécrétées par les splénocytes en culturemontre que la NSV augmente le potentiel de sécrétion d’IL-10 (cytokine anti-inflammatoire) dessplénocytes et plus particulièrement des lymphocytes T CD4 spléniques. Parallèlement, l’effet antiinflammatoirede la NSV a été mis en évidence au niveau du côlon transverse (au-dessus de la zonelésée) par une diminution des ARNm de SOCS3 et du TNF-α et de la myéloperoxidase. Ces donnéesont démontré un rôle de la NSV sur la fonctionnalité des lymphocytes T CD4 spléniques. La NSV 3h 5Hz orienterait la réponse immunitaire vers une réponse anti-inflammatoire en phase d’initiationd’inflammation digestive. De plus, l’effet anti-inflammatoire de la NSV est retrouvé au niveau du tubedigestif au-dessus de la zone lésée (côlon transverse).ConclusionCes données expérimentales montrent que d’autres voies impliquant différents typescellulaires sont susceptibles d’être mises en oeuvre par la NSV basse fréquence. Elle induitl’implication du SNC par l’activation des afférences vagales et des cellules immunitaires spléniquestelles que les lymphocytes T CD4 et les NKT. Un effet anti-inflammatoire de la NSV est retrouvé auniveau du côlon transverse, mais pas au niveau des lésions dans le côlon distal. Ces résultatsprésentent des implications thérapeutiques : la NSV basse fréquence est actuellement en essaiclinique pour être utilisée comme traitement dans la maladie de Crohn.Introduction High frequency(30 Hz)vagus nerve stimulation(VNS)has been approved as a treatment for some types of epilepsy and depression in humans. Low-frequency (5 Hz)VNS has also been successful for the treatment of different animal inflammation models, notably digestive inflammation. Recent studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory effect is induced by the activation of the efferent vagal fibers, which secrete acetylcholine in periphery. It links itself to α-7-nicotinic receptors on the macrophages surface, inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This pathway is known by the name of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. However, the mechanism of action of low-frequency VNS remains unclear and other pathways could be involved implicating the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the implication of the CNS and the immune system in the modulation of inflammation induced by low-frequency VNS in an anaesthetized rat model. Firstly, to study the implication of the CNS and the contribution of the afferent vagal fibers during 5Hz VNS, a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on a «healthy» anaesthetized rat model was carried out. Secondly, an experiment on the effect of VNS on splenic immune cells as well as on the digestive tract was fulfilled on a «healthy» rat model followed by a study on a rat model of colitis induced by intracolonic injection of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Results fMRI data brought to light an important role of the afferent vagal fibers. They modulate some structures of the CNS which could contribute to the modulation of digestive inflammation by 5Hz VNS. The studies carried out by FACS on the sub-populations of splenic lymphocytes revealed that other immune cells than macrophages could be implicated by VNS. In the «healthy» rat model, with no digestive inflammation, FACS data show that 3h VNS decreases T CD4 lymphocytes activation and the percentage of NKT in relation to T lymphocytes. These data are in favor of an inhibiting role of VNS on lymphocytes activation and also has an impact on NKT cells which have immunoregulatory properties. 3h VNS does not have the same effect on the rat model of colitis. In fact, the quantification of secreted cytokines by cultured splenocytes show that VNS increases the potential of IL-10(anti-iflammatory)cytokine by splenocytes and particularly splenic T CD4 lymphocytes. In the same way, the anti-inflammatory effect of VNS is seen in the transverse colon (above the lesions): decrease of TNF-α and SOCS3 mRNA and of myeloperoxidase. These results show a role of VNS on the functionality of splenic T CD4 lymphocytes inducing an important secretion of IL-10. 3h low-frequency VNS turns the immune response towards an anti-inflammatory response during the early phase of digestive inflammation. Moreover, VNS anti-inflammatory effect is seen in the transverse colon, above the lesions. Conclusion These results reveal that other pathways implicating different cell types are potentially involved besides the classic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway by low-frequency VNS. It implicates CNS by the activation of vagal afferents and splenic immune cells such as T CD4 lymphocytes and NKT cells. An anti-inflammatory effect of VNS is found in the transverse colon (above the lesions) even during the initiation phase of digestive inflammation, but not in the distal colon (in the lesions). These date have therapeutic implications: low-frequency VNS is being clinically tested at the moment as a treatment for Crohn's disease
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
- …
