6 research outputs found
How many focus markers are there in Konkomba?
No full textThis article discusses the divergent status of the two particles lé and lá in the grammar of Konkomba, a Gur language (Niger-Congo) of the Gurma subgroup. While previous studies claim that both particles are focus markers, this author argues that only the particle lá should be analyzed as a pure pragmatic device. Distributional studies suggest that the use of particle lé, on the other hand, is only required under specific focus conditions, and primarily represents a syntactic device
Sociology shots of state in the Republic of Congo from 1958 to 1973
No full textRépublique du Congo, l’armée, en tant qu’ensemble de structures et de moyens militaires institutionnellement affectés à la mise en œuvre de la politique décidée par les autorités politiques pour assurer et garantir la défense nationale, est loin d’être l’auteur exclusif des coups d’Etat, même si, systématiquement, elle profite des conséquences politiques attachées à ceux-ci. En réalité, les coups d’Etat y sont la résultante d’une lutte entre plusieurs champs. Dans cette lutte, les acteurs des coups d’Etat, en fonction de leurs corpus idéologiques respectifs, mettent en place des stratégies dont la particularité n’est pas de se limiter au champ bureaucratique mais d’engager également la société appréhendée au regard de leurs groupes ethniques ou régionaux d’appartenance. Ainsi, mobilisent-ils, non seulement leurs propres capitaux (diplômes, profession), mais aussi les ressources de leurs groupes ethniques ou régionaux en vue de réaliser la conquête ou la conservation du pouvoir. Par le jeu complexe des solidarités idéologiques, ethniques ou corporatistes, les acteurs politiques tissent des alliances et, selon le cas, participent ou s’opposent à l’exécution des coups d’Etat. Sous ce rapport, les coups d’Etat, qui supposent une importante mobilisation stratégique, politique et matérielle de la part de ceux qui en forment le projet, se confondent à un mode de conquête du pouvoir assimilable formellement à l’élection, et s’inscrivent dans ce que Marcel Mauss nomme les faits sociaux totaux. Les leaders politiques appartenant aux ethnies minoritaires, ne pouvant accéder au pouvoir par voie démocratique, élaborent une stratégie de conquête de pouvoir prenant appui sur l’armée. Ainsi, détournée de sa mission traditionnelle de protection du territoire national face aux agressions extérieures, l’armée voit sa valeur opérationnelle diminuée.In Republic of Congo, the army, as a whole of structures and average soldiers institutionally assigned to the implementation of the policy decided by the political authorities to ensure and guarantee national defense, is far from being the exclusive author of the coups d'etat, even if, systematically, it benefits from the political consequences attached to those. Actually, the coups d'etat are there the resultant of a fight between several fields. In this fight, the actors of the coups d'etat, according to their respective ideological corpora, set up strategies whose characteristic is not to limit themselves to the bureaucratic field but to also engage the company apprehended taking into consideration their ethnic or regional group of membership. Thus, they mobilize, not only their own capital (diplomas, profession), but also resources of their ethnic or regional groups in order to carry out the conquest or the conservation of the power. By the complex play of ideological solidarity, ethnic or corporatists, the political actors weave alliances and, according to the case, take part or are opposed to the execution of the coups d'etat. Under this report, the coups d'etat, which suppose an important strategic mobilization, political and material on behalf of those which form the project of it, merge with a mode of conquest of the power comparable formally to the election, and fit in what Marcel Mauss names the total social facts. The political leaders belonging to the minority ethnic groups, not being able to reach the power by democratic way, work out a strategy of conquest of fascinating power support on the army. Thus, diverted its traditional mission of protection of the national territory vis-a-vis the external aggressions, the army sees its decreased operational value
Aménagement d'une cité écologique au quartier Monaco dans la commune de Maluku à Kinshasa
No full textLa ville de Kinshasa est considérée comme la plus grande capitale de l’Afrique centrale ; ainsi elle a connu des fluctuations énormes après son indépendance.
Son urbanisation galopante a conduit à l’apparition des bidonvilles ; des maisons de fortune ; dans lesquelles les problèmes sociaux ; économiques et environnementaux se sont accru.
Face à cette situation la création et l’aménagement des cités écologiques peuvent être une des solutions adéquate parmi tant d’autres.
Une ville écologique est une ville qui respecte les enjeux du développement durable et réponds aux problématiques posés par le réchauffement climatique ; d’une part elle préserve la nature ; l’environnement et les ressources et d’autres part elle réduit ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Un développement harmonieux entre l’urbanisation et la nature serait primordial pour le quartier Monaco, engendrait une qualité de vie meilleure pour servir cette génération ainsi qu’aux générations futures
Assessment of the impact of potential climate change on the water balance of a semi-arid watershed
No full textWith a yearly precipitation of 200 mm in most of the country, Jordan is considered one of the least water-endowed regions in the world. Water scarcity in Jordan is exacerbated by growing demands driven by population and industrial growth and rising living standards. Major urban and industrial centers in Jordan including the Capital Amman are concentrated in the northern highlands, mostly contained within the boundaries of the Zarqa River Watershed (ZRW). The ZRW is the third most productive basin in the greater Jordan River System. King Talal Dam was built a few kilometers upstream of the Zarqa-Jordan confluence to regulate its input mostly for the benefit of agricultural activities in the Jordan Valley. Concerns regarding the sensitivity of the ZRW to potential climate change have prompted the authors to carry out the current study. The methodology adopted is based on simulating the hydrological response of the basin under alternative climate change scenarios. Utilizing the BASINS-HSPF modeling environment, scenarios represent ing climate conditions with ±20percent change in rainfall, and 1°C, 2°C and 3.5°C increases in average temperature were simulated and assessed. The HSPF model was calibrated for the ZRW using records spanning from 1980 through 1994. The model was validated against an independent data record extending from 1995 through 2002. Calibration and verification results were assessed based on linear regression fitting of monthly and daily flows. Monthly calibration and verifications produced good fit with regression coefficient r values equal to 0.928 and 0.923, respectively. Assessment based on daily records show much more modest r value of 0.785. The study shows that climate warming can dramatically impact runoffs and groundwater recharge in the ZRW. However the impact of warming can be greatly influenced by significant changes in rainfall volume. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008.Ackerman D, 2005, J AM WATER RESOUR AS, V41, P477, DOI 10.1111-j.1752-1688.2005.tb03750.x; Al-Abed N, 2005, ENVIRON GEOL, V47, P405, DOI 10.1007-s00254-004-1165-2; Al-Abed NA, 2002, HYDROL PROCESS, V16, P3169, DOI 10.1002-hyp.1094; Albek M, 2004, J HYDROL, V285, P260, DOI 10.1016-j.jhydrol.2003.09.002; ALMAHAMID J, 2005, INTEGRATION WATER RE; *ALSH ENG, 2000, JOR95G31IG99; Bates B. C., 2008, CLIMATE CHANGE WATER; Bicknell BR, 2001, HYDROLOGICAL SIMULAT; BURN S, 2000, COMPUT ENVIRON URBAN, V24, P5; Dibike YB, 2005, J HYDROL, V307, P145, DOI 10.1016-j.hydrol.2004.10.012; *JAP INT CORP AG, 2001, MIN WAT IRR HASH KIN; Johnson MS, 2003, J HYDROL, V284, P57, DOI 10.1016-j.jhydrol.2003.07.005; JRIDI A, 2005, DEV JORDANIAN JORDAN; Lenhart T, 2002, PHYS CHEM EARTH, V27, P645, DOI 10.1016-S1474-7065(02)00049-9; Matondo JI, 2004, PHYS CHEM EARTH, V29, P1193, DOI 10.1016-j.pce.2004.09.035; *OPTIMA, 2007, CAS STUD ZARQ RIV; RADCLIFFE DE, 2002, WATERSHED SCALE MODE; RAGAB R, 2002, CLIMATE CHANGE, V81, P3; RAHBEH M, 1996, RAINFALL RUNOFF RELA; *US GEOL SURV, 1998, OV MIDDL E WAT RES W; *WAJ, 2005, ARCH DAT WAT AUTH JO25272
Recommended from our members
Development of a sustainable water management strategy in the Alwahat area of Libya
No full textGroundwater in the Alwahat region of Libya is a non-renewable resource, and is the only source of water for agricultural land in the region. The aim of this research is to explore the contemporary performance of the groundwater sector in Libya and to develop a strategy for providing a sustainable groundwater resource to achieve a social, economic and environmentally-sustainable water future. Perceptions about groundwater sustainability are elicited from 769 local stakeholders. This analysis is conducted using a triangulated mixed-methods design, to interpret the collected information. Conflicts of opinion among the stakeholders are exposed, highlighting controversies concerning their levels of satisfaction with water supplies, their awareness of water sustainability issues, their understanding of recent changes in groundwater quality and the environmental impact of water use, and future solutions to prevent water misuse. In addition to this, there is an examination of what officials report as the extensive misuse of water due to the installation of pumps, and some of the farmers abstracting drinking water from the network for irrigations well as digging deeper into the ground and sinking more wells, which abstracts excessive amounts of water and lowers the groundwater level. The known reasons of groundwater contamination discussed in this study include oil operations, increased salinity in water soil infiltration, and crop fertilization which is established by reliable sources; however no contemporary quantitative or qualitative monitoring data is available
