1,720,975 research outputs found
Ancient DNA from Early Human Burials in the Argentine Puna: Insights into Burial Practices and South American Population History
Get PDFAlthough the earliest archaeological sites in South America date to the late Pleistocene, little is known about the genetic makeup or mortuary behavior of early hunter-gatherer populations in South America. To help shed light on the burial practices of these hunter-gatherers, as well as the early population history of this region, we extracted ancient DNA from the remains of 13 individuals excavated from early and mid-Holocene archaeological sites in the southern Argentine Puna. These remains are from four locations in the Antofagasta de la Sierra region of northwestern Argentina, and date between 9200 and 3200 YBP. We sequenced 372 base pairs of the first hypervariable region of the mitochondrial DNA to define maternally-inherited genetic lineages, and analyzed a length dimorphism in the amelogenin gene to investigate the sex of each individual. We found that maternally related individuals were sometimes buried together, and several individuals exhibited a mtDNA lineage that is rare in indigenous American populations today. Our results shed light on the early population history of this region and help elucidate the genetic affinities between the prehistoric inhabitants of the Puna and other regions in South America.Fil: Bolnick, Deborah A.. Austin Community College; Estados UnidosFil: Pintar, Elizabeth. Austin Community College; Estados UnidosFil: Martinez, Jorge Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Díaz Matallana, Marcela. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; ColombiaFil: Mata Miguez, Jaime. University of Texas at Austin; Estados Unidos79th Meeting for the Society for American ArchaeologyAustinEstados UnidosSociety for American Archaeolog
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Characterization and evaluation of microsatellite loci suitable for studies on mating system, parentage, and genetic identity in red titi monkeys (Callicebus discolor) and saki monkeys (Pithecia aequatorialis)
Get PDFAmong the pitheciids (Primates: Platyrrhini), titi (Callicebus) and saki (Pithecia) monkeys are both described as having a monogamous mating system. Titi monkeys live in small groups comprising a male-female pair and their offspring. Males provide a high level of parental care, and pair-mates show a high degree of synchronization and social contact. The composition of saki groups varies, from pair-mate units to small multimale-multifemale groups. Males and females present a much lower degree of social coordination; and among saki males, parental care is relatively absent. The term ‘monogamy’ is currently used to refer to both the male-female pair living arrangement (social monogamy) and the pattern of both males and females mating and breeding with a single member of the opposite sex (genetic monogamy). However, whether social monogamy typically (or ever) reflects genetic monogamy is an important question that arises when studying socially monogamous primates. To evaluate this question, molecular markers capable of being used to assess genetic parentage are critical. Identifying and characterizing polymorphic genetic markers for titi and saki monkeys is thus important for studies of their mating system. In this study, I evaluated the utility of 13 microsatellite marker loci for parentage determination in Callicebus discolor (red titi monkey) and Pithecia aequatorialis (equatorial saki monkey) from the Tiputini Biodiversity Station in Ecuador. Microsatellite parameters and parentage analyses were conducted using the softwares Arlequin v3.11 and Cervus v3.0.3. I successfully identified a panel comprising 10 and 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci for titis and sakis, respectively, by screening these markers in a set of 17 titi and 10 saki individuals from 5 social groups that have been the subjects of behavioral observation in the field for up to 11 years. These panels amplified reliably and provided a combined parentage exclusionary percentage of 96.7% and 98.5% when both parents were unknown, and of 99.7% and 99.9% when one parent was known for titis and sakis, respectively. With these marker panels, I successfully assigned maternity for 4 titi monkeys and 3 saki offspring, and paternity to 8 titis and one saki offspring. All but one of the parentage assignments were consistent with exclusion-based parentage. Additionally, all but two parentage assignments were in accordance with expectations based on observational fieldwork. The genetic parentage results, albeit preliminary, suggest that both panels of loci selected and characterized here will be useful for future studies on mating systems, kin selection, relatedness, and other population genetic studies of both taxa.Anthropolog
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Combating Racial Health Disparities through Medical Education: The Need for Anthropological and Genetic Perspectives in Medical Training
Get PDFDespite major public health initiatives, significant disparities persist among racially and ethnically defined groups in the prevalence of disease, access to medical care, quality of medical care, and health outcomes for common causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. It is critical that we develop new and creative strategies to address such inequities; mitigate the social, environmental, institutional, and genetic determinants of poor health; and combat the persistence of racial profiling in clinical contexts that further exacerbates racial/ethnic health disparities. This article argues that medical education is a prime target for intervention and that anthropologists and human population geneticists should play a role in efforts to reform US medical curricula. Medical education would benefit greatly by incorporat- ing anthropological and genetic perspectives on the complexities of race, human genetic variation, epigenetics, and the causes of racial/ethnic disparities. Medical students and practicing physicians should also receive training on how to use this knowledge to improve clinical practice, diagnosis, and treatment for racially diverse populations
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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