1,720,969 research outputs found
Context-sensitive analysis of x86 obfuscated executables
No full textOfusca c~ao de c odigo tem por nalidade di cultar a detec c~ao de propriedades intr nsecas de um algoritmo atrav es de altera c~oes em sua sintaxe, entretanto preservando sua sem antica. Desenvolvedores de software usam ofusca c~ao de c odigo para defender seus programas contra ataques de propriedade intelectual e para aumentar a seguran ca do c odigo. Por outro lado, programadores maliciosos geralmente ofuscam seus c odigos para esconder comportamento malicioso e para evitar detec c~ao pelos anti-v rus. Nesta tese, e introduzido um m etodo para realizar an alise com sensitividade ao contexto em bin arios com ofuscamento de chamada e retorno de procedimento. Para obter sem antica equivalente, estes bin arios utilizam opera c~oes diretamente na pilha ao inv es de instru c~oes convencionais de chamada e retorno de procedimento. No estado da arte atual, a de ni c~ao de sensitividade ao contexto est a associada com opera c~oes de chamada e retorno de procedimento, assim, an alises interprocedurais cl assicas n~ao s~ao con aveis para analisar bin arios cujas opera c~oes n~ao podem ser determinadas. Uma nova de ni c~ao de sensitividade ao contexto e introduzida, baseada no estado da pilha em qualquer instru c~ao. Enquanto mudan cas em contextos a chamada de procedimento s~ao intrinsicamente relacionadas com transfer encia de controle, assim, podendo ser obtidas em termos de caminhos em um grafo de controle de uxo interprocedural, o mesmo n~ao e aplic avel para mudan cas em contextos a pilha. Um framework baseado em interpreta c~ao abstrata e desenvolvido para avaliar contexto baseado no estado da pilha e para derivar m etodos baseado em contextos a chamada de procedimento para uso com contextos baseado no estado da pilha. O metodo proposto n~ao requer o uso expl cito de instru c~oes de chamada e retorno de procedimento, por em depende do...A code obfuscation intends to confuse a program in order to make it more di cult to understand while preserving its functionality. Programs may be obfuscated to protect intellectual property and to increase security of code. Programs may also be obfuscated to hide malicious behavior and to evade detection by anti-virus scanners. We introduce a method for context-sensitive analysis of binaries that may have obfuscated procedure call and return operations. These binaries may use direct stack operators instead of the native call and ret instructions to achieve equivalent behavior. Since de nition of context-sensitivity and algorithms for context-sensitive analysis has thus far been based on the speci c semantics associated to procedure call and return operations, classic interprocedural analyses cannot be used reliably for analyzing programs in which these operations cannot be discerned. A new notion of context-sensitivity is introduced that is based on the state of the stack at any instruction. While changes in calling-context are associated with transfer of control, and hence can be reasoned in terms of paths in an interprocedural control ow graph (ICFG), the same is not true for changes in stackcontext. An abstract interpretation based framework is developed to reason about stackcontext and to derive analogues of call-strings based methods for the context-sensitive analysis using stack-context. This analysis requires the knowledge of how the stack, rather the stack pointer, is represented and on the knowledge of operators that manipulate the stack pointer. The method presented is used to create a context-sensitive version of Venable et al.'s algorithm for detecting obfuscated calls. Experimental results show that the contextsensitive version of the algorithm generates more precise results and is also computationally more e cient than its context-insensitive counterpart.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES
Context-sensitive analysis of x86 obfuscated executables
No full textOfusca c~ao de c odigo tem por nalidade di cultar a detec c~ao de propriedades intr nsecas de um algoritmo atrav es de altera c~oes em sua sintaxe, entretanto preservando sua sem antica. Desenvolvedores de software usam ofusca c~ao de c odigo para defender seus programas contra ataques de propriedade intelectual e para aumentar a seguran ca do c odigo. Por outro lado, programadores maliciosos geralmente ofuscam seus c odigos para esconder comportamento malicioso e para evitar detec c~ao pelos anti-v rus. Nesta tese, e introduzido um m etodo para realizar an alise com sensitividade ao contexto em bin arios com ofuscamento de chamada e retorno de procedimento. Para obter sem antica equivalente, estes bin arios utilizam opera c~oes diretamente na pilha ao inv es de instru c~oes convencionais de chamada e retorno de procedimento. No estado da arte atual, a de ni c~ao de sensitividade ao contexto est a associada com opera c~oes de chamada e retorno de procedimento, assim, an alises interprocedurais cl assicas n~ao s~ao con aveis para analisar bin arios cujas opera c~oes n~ao podem ser determinadas. Uma nova de ni c~ao de sensitividade ao contexto e introduzida, baseada no estado da pilha em qualquer instru c~ao. Enquanto mudan cas em contextos a chamada de procedimento s~ao intrinsicamente relacionadas com transfer encia de controle, assim, podendo ser obtidas em termos de caminhos em um grafo de controle de uxo interprocedural, o mesmo n~ao e aplic avel para mudan cas em contextos a pilha. Um framework baseado em interpreta c~ao abstrata e desenvolvido para avaliar contexto baseado no estado da pilha e para derivar m etodos baseado em contextos a chamada de procedimento para uso com contextos baseado no estado da pilha. O metodo proposto n~ao requer o uso expl cito de instru c~oes de chamada e retorno de procedimento, por em depende do...A code obfuscation intends to confuse a program in order to make it more di cult to understand while preserving its functionality. Programs may be obfuscated to protect intellectual property and to increase security of code. Programs may also be obfuscated to hide malicious behavior and to evade detection by anti-virus scanners. We introduce a method for context-sensitive analysis of binaries that may have obfuscated procedure call and return operations. These binaries may use direct stack operators instead of the native call and ret instructions to achieve equivalent behavior. Since de nition of context-sensitivity and algorithms for context-sensitive analysis has thus far been based on the speci c semantics associated to procedure call and return operations, classic interprocedural analyses cannot be used reliably for analyzing programs in which these operations cannot be discerned. A new notion of context-sensitivity is introduced that is based on the state of the stack at any instruction. While changes in calling-context are associated with transfer of control, and hence can be reasoned in terms of paths in an interprocedural control ow graph (ICFG), the same is not true for changes in stackcontext. An abstract interpretation based framework is developed to reason about stackcontext and to derive analogues of call-strings based methods for the context-sensitive analysis using stack-context. This analysis requires the knowledge of how the stack, rather the stack pointer, is represented and on the knowledge of operators that manipulate the stack pointer. The method presented is used to create a context-sensitive version of Venable et al.'s algorithm for detecting obfuscated calls. Experimental results show that the contextsensitive version of the algorithm generates more precise results and is also computationally more e cient than its context-insensitive counterpart.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES
Context-Sensitive Analysis of x86 Obfuscated Executables
No full text104 f. :il., tab.Ofuscação de código tem por finalidade dificultar a detecção de propriedades intrínsecas de um algoritmo através de alterações em sua sintaxe, entretanto preservando sua semântica. Desenvolvedores de software usam ofuscação de código para defender seus programas contra ataques de propriedade intelectual e para aumentar a segurança do código. Por outro lado, programadores maliciosos geralmente ofuscam seus códigos para esconder comportamento malicioso e para evitar detecção pelos anti-vírus. Nesta tese, é introduzido um método para realizar an alise com sensitividade ao contexto em binários com ofuscamento de chamada e retorno de procedimento. Para obter semântica equivalente, estes binários utilizam operações diretamente na pilha ao invés de instruções convencionais de chamada e retorno de procedimento. No estado da arte atual, a definição de sensitividade ao contexto está associada com operações de chamada e retorno de procedimento, assim, análises interprocedurais clássicas não são confiáveis para analisar binários cujas operações não podem ser determinadas. Uma nova definição de sensitividade ao contexto é introduzida, baseada no estado da pilha em qualquer instrução. Enquanto mudanças em contextos á chamada de procedimento são intrinsicamente relacionadas com transferência de controle, assim, podendo ser obtidas em termos de caminhos em um grafo de controle de fluxo interprocedural, o mesmo não é aplicável para mudanças em contextos à pilha. Um framework baseado em interpretação abstrata é desenvolvido para avaliar contexto baseado no estado da pilha e para derivar métodos baseado em contextos à chamada de procedimento para uso com contextos baseado no estado da pilha. O método proposto
não requer o uso explícito de instruções de chamada e retorno de procedimento, porém
depende do conhecimento de como o ponteiro da pilha é representado e manipulado. O método apresentado é utilizado para criar uma versão com sensitividade ao contexto de um algoritmo para detecção de ofuscamento de chamadas de Venable et al.. Resultados experimentais mostram que a versão com sensitividade ao contexto do algoritmo gera resultados mais precisos, como também, é computacionalmente mais eficiente do que a
versão sem sensitividade ao contexto.
____________________________________________________________________________________.ABSTRACT: A code obfuscation intends to confuse a program in order to make it more dificult to understand while preserving its functionality. Programs may be obfuscated to protect intellectual property and to increase security of code. Programs may also be obfuscated to hide malicious behavior and to evade detection by anti-virus scanners.
We introduce a method for context-sensitive analysis of binaries that may have obfuscated
procedure call and return operations. These binaries may use direct stack operators
instead of the native call and ret instructions to achieve equivalent behavior. Since definition of context-sensitivity and algorithms for context-sensitive analysis has thus far been based on the specific semantics associated to procedure call and return operations, classic interprocedural analyses cannot be used reliably for analyzing programs in which these operations cannot be discerned. A new notion of context-sensitivity is introduced that is based on the state of the stack at any instruction. While changes in calling-context are associated with transfer of control, and hence can be reasoned in terms of paths in
an interprocedural control ow graph (ICFG), the same is not true for changes in stackcontext. An abstract interpretation based framework is developed to reason about stackcontext and to derive analogues of call-strings based methods for the context-sensitive analysis using stack-context. This analysis requires the knowledge of how the stack, rather the stack pointer, is represented and on the knowledge of operators that manipulate the stack pointer. The method presented is used to create a context-sensitive version of Venable et al.'s
algorithm for detecting obfuscated calls. Experimental results show that the contextsensitive version of the algorithm generates more precise results and is also computationally more eficient than its context-insensitive counterpart
Context-sensitive analysis of x86 obfuscated executables
No full textOfusca c~ao de c odigo tem por nalidade di cultar a detec c~ao de propriedades intr nsecas de um algoritmo atrav es de altera c~oes em sua sintaxe, entretanto preservando sua sem antica. Desenvolvedores de software usam ofusca c~ao de c odigo para defender seus programas contra ataques de propriedade intelectual e para aumentar a seguran ca do c odigo. Por outro lado, programadores maliciosos geralmente ofuscam seus c odigos para esconder comportamento malicioso e para evitar detec c~ao pelos anti-v rus. Nesta tese, e introduzido um m etodo para realizar an alise com sensitividade ao contexto em bin arios com ofuscamento de chamada e retorno de procedimento. Para obter sem antica equivalente, estes bin arios utilizam opera c~oes diretamente na pilha ao inv es de instru c~oes convencionais de chamada e retorno de procedimento. No estado da arte atual, a de ni c~ao de sensitividade ao contexto est a associada com opera c~oes de chamada e retorno de procedimento, assim, an alises interprocedurais cl assicas n~ao s~ao con aveis para analisar bin arios cujas opera c~oes n~ao podem ser determinadas. Uma nova de ni c~ao de sensitividade ao contexto e introduzida, baseada no estado da pilha em qualquer instru c~ao. Enquanto mudan cas em contextos a chamada de procedimento s~ao intrinsicamente relacionadas com transfer encia de controle, assim, podendo ser obtidas em termos de caminhos em um grafo de controle de uxo interprocedural, o mesmo n~ao e aplic avel para mudan cas em contextos a pilha. Um framework baseado em interpreta c~ao abstrata e desenvolvido para avaliar contexto baseado no estado da pilha e para derivar m etodos baseado em contextos a chamada de procedimento para uso com contextos baseado no estado da pilha. O metodo proposto n~ao requer o uso expl cito de instru c~oes de chamada e retorno de procedimento, por em depende do...A code obfuscation intends to confuse a program in order to make it more di cult to understand while preserving its functionality. Programs may be obfuscated to protect intellectual property and to increase security of code. Programs may also be obfuscated to hide malicious behavior and to evade detection by anti-virus scanners. We introduce a method for context-sensitive analysis of binaries that may have obfuscated procedure call and return operations. These binaries may use direct stack operators instead of the native call and ret instructions to achieve equivalent behavior. Since de nition of context-sensitivity and algorithms for context-sensitive analysis has thus far been based on the speci c semantics associated to procedure call and return operations, classic interprocedural analyses cannot be used reliably for analyzing programs in which these operations cannot be discerned. A new notion of context-sensitivity is introduced that is based on the state of the stack at any instruction. While changes in calling-context are associated with transfer of control, and hence can be reasoned in terms of paths in an interprocedural control ow graph (ICFG), the same is not true for changes in stackcontext. An abstract interpretation based framework is developed to reason about stackcontext and to derive analogues of call-strings based methods for the context-sensitive analysis using stack-context. This analysis requires the knowledge of how the stack, rather the stack pointer, is represented and on the knowledge of operators that manipulate the stack pointer. The method presented is used to create a context-sensitive version of Venable et al.'s algorithm for detecting obfuscated calls. Experimental results show that the contextsensitive version of the algorithm generates more precise results and is also computationally more e cient than its context-insensitive counterpart.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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