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Installation of dynamically embedded plate anchors as assessed through field tests
No full textA dynamically embedded plate anchor (DEPLA) is a rocket-shaped anchor that comprises a removable central shaft and a set of four flukes. The DEPLA penetrates to a target depth in the seabed by the kinetic energy obtained through free-fall in water. After embedment the central shaft is retrieved leaving the anchor flukes vertically embedded in the seabed. The flukes constitute the load-bearing element as a plate anchor. This paper focuses on the dynamic installation of the DEPLA. Net resistance and velocity profiles are derived from acceleration data measured by an inertial measurement unit during DEPLA field tests, which are compared with corresponding theoretical profiles based on strain rate–enhanced shear resistance and fluid mechanics drag resistance. Comparison of the measured net resistance force profiles with the model predictions shows fair agreement at 1:12 scale and good agreement at 1:7.2 and 1:4.5 scales. For all scales the embedment model predicts the final anchor embedment depth to a high degree of accuracy
Field testing of a reduced scale dynamically embedded plate anchor
No full textThe dynamically embedded plate anchor (DEPLA) is a rocket-shaped anchor that penetrates to a target depth in the seabed by using kinetic energy obtained through free fall and by the anchor’s self-weight. After embedment, the central shaft is retrieved leaving the anchor flukes vertically embedded in the seabed. The flukes constitute the load bearing element as a plate anchor. This paper presents initial field data from a series of tests using a 1:20 reduced scale anchor in a lake underlain by very soft clay. Results indicate that the DEPLA exhibits similar behaviour to other dynamically installed anchors during installation, but with much higher capacities, up to 27 times the dry weight of the anchor
Capacity of dynamically embedded plate anchors as assessed through field tests
No full textA dynamically embedded plate anchor (DEPLA) is a rocket-shaped anchor that penetrates to a target depth in the seabed by the kinetic energy obtained through free-fall and by the anchor’s self-weight. After embedment, the central shaft is retrieved leaving the anchor flukes vertically embedded in the seabed. The flukes constitute the load bearing element as a plate anchor. This paper presents and considers field data on the embedment depth loss due to the plate anchor keying process and the subsequent bearing capacity factor of the plate anchor element. The loss in plate anchor embedment was significantly higher than that reported from corresponding centrifuge tests and is reflected in the larger padeye displacements required to mobilize peak capacity in the field tests. Measured plate capacities and plate rotations during keying indicate that the end of keying coincides with the peak anchor capacity. Experimental bearing capacity factors are in the range Nc = 14.3–14.6, which is appreciably higher than existing solutions for vanishingly thin circular plates. The higher Nc for the DEPLA is considered to be due to a combination of the cruciform fluke arrangement and the fluke (or plate) thickness
Towards a simple design procedure for dynamically embedded plate anchors
No full textDynamically embedded plate anchors (DEPLAs) are a promising option for anchoring floating facilities in deep water, as relative to current technology such as suction caissons, the anchor will be much smaller and less expensive to install. This paper considers data from the final stage of an experimental campaign that has been undertaken as a preliminary step towards qualification of the DEPLA at full scale. The experiments involved field testing of a 1:4·5 reduced-scale DEPLA in approximately 50?m water depth at a site off the west coast of Scotland. Measurements in the tests included accelerations during free fall in water and embedment in soil, and pullout resistance as the DEPLA was loaded to failure and subsequently retrieved to the deck of the installation vessel. The acceleration data are used in the paper to explore the suitability of strain rate formulations for scaling the undrained shear strength to values appropriate for dynamic penetration, and to demonstrate the potential for a dynamic penetration model to predict the final anchor embedment depth. The paper finishes by summarising output from the embedment model in a simple design chart that can be used to scale a DEPLA for a given mooring line load
Installation and capacity of dynamically embedded plate anchors as assessed through centrifuge tests
No full textA dynamically embedded plate anchor (DEPLA) is a rocket or dart shaped anchor that comprises a removable central shaft and a set of four flukes. Similar to other dynamically installed anchors, the DEPLA penetrates to a target depth in soft seabed sediments by the kinetic energy obtained through free-fall in water and the self-weight of the anchor. In this paper DEPLA performance was assessed through a series of beam centrifuge tests conducted at 200 times earth's gravity. The results show that the DEPLA exhibits similar behaviour to other dynamically installed anchors during installation, with tip embedments of 1.6–2.8 times the anchor length. After anchor installation the central shaft of the DEPLA, termed a follower, is retrieved and reused for the next installation, leaving the DEPLA flukes vertically embedded in the soil. The load–displacement response during follower retrieval is of interest, with mobilisation of frictional and bearing resistance occurring at different rates. The load required to extract the DEPLA follower is typically less than three times its dry weight. The vertically embedded DEPLA flukes constitute the load bearing element as a circular or square plate. The keying and pullout response of this anchor plate is similar to other vertically embedded plate anchors, with an initial stiff response as the anchor begins to rotate, followed by a softer response as the rotation angle increases, and a final stiff response as the effective eccentricity of the padeye reduces and anchor capacity is fully mobilised. For the padeye eccentricity ratios considered (0.38–0.63 times the plate breadth or diameter), the loss in plate anchor embedment is between 0.50 and 0.66 times the corresponding plate breadth or diameter. Finally, the bearing capacity factors determined experimentally are typically in the range 14.2–15.8 and are higher than numerical solutions for flat circular and square plates. This is considered to be due to the cruciform fluke arrangement which ensures that the failure surface extends to the edge of the orthogonal flukes and mobilises more soil in the failure mechanism
A review of a CPT based axial capacity prediction of screw piles in sand
No full textScrew piles are widely used in onshore engineering applications and have recently been considered as an alternative foundation solution for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) supported on jacket structures. The high loads required to support such structures demand a considerable up-scaling of the screw pile geometry typically used onshore. Driven piles followed a similar upscaling process for their use in offshore structures and the CPT tip resistance (qc) value is now commonly used directly in design methods for both onshore and offshore driven piles. This paper evaluates the performance of a new CPT-based design method (UWA-SP-21) to predict the axial capacity of screw piles in tension and compression. To achieve this, a database of single helix load tested screw piles sand is collated and used for assessment of the method. The development of this CPT design approach reflects the process that was following for driven piles. UWA-SP21 has been developed through studies of onshore piles. The findings from this study can in the future be extrapolated appropriately to the larger pile sizes required offshore, in the same way that driven pile design has evolved.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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