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Syntactically and Semantically Complex Predicates:Evidence from Danish
Get PDFDen grundlæggende ide der skal undersøges i denne afhandling, er at det antal og den type argumenter et prædikat tager, er forudsigeligt ud fra det pågældende prædikats semantik.En situationsstruktur foreslås hvori (beskrivelser af) simple situationer – tilstande og processer – kan kombineres til et meget begrænset antal (beskrivelser af) komplekse situationer. Endvidere udvikles en teori om argumentstruktur ud fra den antagelse at argumentstruktur er semantisk bestemt: simple situationer er ’født’ med et fast antal argumenter i en fast rækkefølge. Det beskrives hvad der sker med argumentstrukturen og semantikken når simple situationer sættes sammen til komplekse situationer både i det enkelte ord når det i sig selv er semantisk komplekst, og i syntaktisk komplekse prædikater, det vil sige de tilfælde hvor en situation beskrives af et prædikativt ord i kombination med et andet prædikat.Afhandlingen giver svar på to centrale spørgsmål som syntaktisk komplekse prædikater rejser: Hvilke regler tillader kombinationen af prædikater og hvordan er det muligt at bestemme et komplekst prædikats valens ud fra valensen af de simple prædikater det er sammensat af.Afhandlingen behandler tre typer komplekse prædikater. Der gives en temmelig detaljeret redegørelse for danske præpositioner, hvori der argumenteres for at der er to typer, raising præpositioner og leksikalske præpositioner som kan kombineres og danne komplekse præpositioner. Komplekse præpositioner kan fungere som medprædikater i støtteverbumskonstruktioner og i resultativkonstruktion. Den danske bestand af støtteverber beskrives og det foreslås at de er karakteriseret ved at have en leksikalsk underspecificeret semantik og ved at selektere et medprædikat som de obligatorisk kombineres med. De vigtigste træk ved resultativkonstruktionen beskrives og det påvises at den foreslåede teori på en naturlig måde kan udvides til at håndtere den. Der argumenteres for at verber der indgår i resultativkonstruktionen er fuldverber med leksikalsk specificeret semantik som derfor ikke har behov for at kombineres med medprædikater.Analysen er formaliseret inden for rammerne af HPSG (Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar) og implementeret på ConTroll-platformen.The basic idea to be explored in this thesis is that the number and type of arguments a predicate takes is predictable from the semantics of that predicate. The information in lexical entries may be confined to phonology, word class and semantics, and general constraints specify the number of arguments and how they may be realized.An event structure is proposed in which (descriptions of) simple situations, states or processes, may be combined to a very limited set of (descriptions of) complex events. Further, a theory of argument structure is developed based on the assumption that it is semantically determined: Simple situations come with a fixed number and order of arguments. It is described what happens to argument structure and semantics when simple situations are combined to complex situations both in a single word when it is in itself semantically complex, and in syntactically complex predicates, i.e. cases where the situation is described by a predicative word in combination with another predicate.The thesis provide answers to two central questions raised by syntactically complex predicates: How is the combination of predicates licensed and how is it possible to determine the valence of the complex predicates from the valence of the simple predicates that it is composed of.The thesis treats three types of complex predicate. A rather detailed account of the inventory of Danish prepositions is given, arguing that there are two types, raising prepositions and lexical prepositions, which may combine to form complex prepositions. Complex prepositions may function as co-predicates in Support Verb Constructions and Resultative Constructions, the two other types of complex predicate treated in the thesis. The inventory of Danish support verbs is described and it is suggested that they are characterized by having a lexically underspecified semantics and by selecting a co-predicate with which they obligatorily combine. The main characteristics of the resultative construction are described and it is shown that the proposed theory can be extended in a natural way to handle it. It is argued that the verbs participating in the resultative construction are full verbs with a lexically specified semantics and therefore have no need to combine with a co-predicate.The proposal is formalized within the framework of HPSG (Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar) and implemented on the ConTroll platform.<br/
Syntactically and Semantically Complex Predicates:Evidence from Danish
Get PDFDen grundlæggende ide der skal undersøges i denne afhandling, er at det antal og den type argumenter et prædikat tager, er forudsigeligt ud fra det pågældende prædikats semantik.En situationsstruktur foreslås hvori (beskrivelser af) simple situationer – tilstande og processer – kan kombineres til et meget begrænset antal (beskrivelser af) komplekse situationer. Endvidere udvikles en teori om argumentstruktur ud fra den antagelse at argumentstruktur er semantisk bestemt: simple situationer er ’født’ med et fast antal argumenter i en fast rækkefølge. Det beskrives hvad der sker med argumentstrukturen og semantikken når simple situationer sættes sammen til komplekse situationer både i det enkelte ord når det i sig selv er semantisk komplekst, og i syntaktisk komplekse prædikater, det vil sige de tilfælde hvor en situation beskrives af et prædikativt ord i kombination med et andet prædikat.Afhandlingen giver svar på to centrale spørgsmål som syntaktisk komplekse prædikater rejser: Hvilke regler tillader kombinationen af prædikater og hvordan er det muligt at bestemme et komplekst prædikats valens ud fra valensen af de simple prædikater det er sammensat af.Afhandlingen behandler tre typer komplekse prædikater. Der gives en temmelig detaljeret redegørelse for danske præpositioner, hvori der argumenteres for at der er to typer, raising præpositioner og leksikalske præpositioner som kan kombineres og danne komplekse præpositioner. Komplekse præpositioner kan fungere som medprædikater i støtteverbumskonstruktioner og i resultativkonstruktion. Den danske bestand af støtteverber beskrives og det foreslås at de er karakteriseret ved at have en leksikalsk underspecificeret semantik og ved at selektere et medprædikat som de obligatorisk kombineres med. De vigtigste træk ved resultativkonstruktionen beskrives og det påvises at den foreslåede teori på en naturlig måde kan udvides til at håndtere den. Der argumenteres for at verber der indgår i resultativkonstruktionen er fuldverber med leksikalsk specificeret semantik som derfor ikke har behov for at kombineres med medprædikater.Analysen er formaliseret inden for rammerne af HPSG (Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar) og implementeret på ConTroll-platformen.The basic idea to be explored in this thesis is that the number and type of arguments a predicate takes is predictable from the semantics of that predicate. The information in lexical entries may be confined to phonology, word class and semantics, and general constraints specify the number of arguments and how they may be realized.An event structure is proposed in which (descriptions of) simple situations, states or processes, may be combined to a very limited set of (descriptions of) complex events. Further, a theory of argument structure is developed based on the assumption that it is semantically determined: Simple situations come with a fixed number and order of arguments. It is described what happens to argument structure and semantics when simple situations are combined to complex situations both in a single word when it is in itself semantically complex, and in syntactically complex predicates, i.e. cases where the situation is described by a predicative word in combination with another predicate.The thesis provide answers to two central questions raised by syntactically complex predicates: How is the combination of predicates licensed and how is it possible to determine the valence of the complex predicates from the valence of the simple predicates that it is composed of.The thesis treats three types of complex predicate. A rather detailed account of the inventory of Danish prepositions is given, arguing that there are two types, raising prepositions and lexical prepositions, which may combine to form complex prepositions. Complex prepositions may function as co-predicates in Support Verb Constructions and Resultative Constructions, the two other types of complex predicate treated in the thesis. The inventory of Danish support verbs is described and it is suggested that they are characterized by having a lexically underspecified semantics and by selecting a co-predicate with which they obligatorily combine. The main characteristics of the resultative construction are described and it is shown that the proposed theory can be extended in a natural way to handle it. It is argued that the verbs participating in the resultative construction are full verbs with a lexically specified semantics and therefore have no need to combine with a co-predicate.The proposal is formalized within the framework of HPSG (Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar) and implemented on the ConTroll platform.<br/
Syntactically and Semantically Complex Predicates:Evidence from Danish
Get PDFDen grundlæggende ide der skal undersøges i denne afhandling, er at det antal og den type argumenter et prædikat tager, er forudsigeligt ud fra det pågældende prædikats semantik.En situationsstruktur foreslås hvori (beskrivelser af) simple situationer – tilstande og processer – kan kombineres til et meget begrænset antal (beskrivelser af) komplekse situationer. Endvidere udvikles en teori om argumentstruktur ud fra den antagelse at argumentstruktur er semantisk bestemt: simple situationer er ’født’ med et fast antal argumenter i en fast rækkefølge. Det beskrives hvad der sker med argumentstrukturen og semantikken når simple situationer sættes sammen til komplekse situationer både i det enkelte ord når det i sig selv er semantisk komplekst, og i syntaktisk komplekse prædikater, det vil sige de tilfælde hvor en situation beskrives af et prædikativt ord i kombination med et andet prædikat.Afhandlingen giver svar på to centrale spørgsmål som syntaktisk komplekse prædikater rejser: Hvilke regler tillader kombinationen af prædikater og hvordan er det muligt at bestemme et komplekst prædikats valens ud fra valensen af de simple prædikater det er sammensat af.Afhandlingen behandler tre typer komplekse prædikater. Der gives en temmelig detaljeret redegørelse for danske præpositioner, hvori der argumenteres for at der er to typer, raising præpositioner og leksikalske præpositioner som kan kombineres og danne komplekse præpositioner. Komplekse præpositioner kan fungere som medprædikater i støtteverbumskonstruktioner og i resultativkonstruktion. Den danske bestand af støtteverber beskrives og det foreslås at de er karakteriseret ved at have en leksikalsk underspecificeret semantik og ved at selektere et medprædikat som de obligatorisk kombineres med. De vigtigste træk ved resultativkonstruktionen beskrives og det påvises at den foreslåede teori på en naturlig måde kan udvides til at håndtere den. Der argumenteres for at verber der indgår i resultativkonstruktionen er fuldverber med leksikalsk specificeret semantik som derfor ikke har behov for at kombineres med medprædikater.Analysen er formaliseret inden for rammerne af HPSG (Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar) og implementeret på ConTroll-platformen.The basic idea to be explored in this thesis is that the number and type of arguments a predicate takes is predictable from the semantics of that predicate. The information in lexical entries may be confined to phonology, word class and semantics, and general constraints specify the number of arguments and how they may be realized.An event structure is proposed in which (descriptions of) simple situations, states or processes, may be combined to a very limited set of (descriptions of) complex events. Further, a theory of argument structure is developed based on the assumption that it is semantically determined: Simple situations come with a fixed number and order of arguments. It is described what happens to argument structure and semantics when simple situations are combined to complex situations both in a single word when it is in itself semantically complex, and in syntactically complex predicates, i.e. cases where the situation is described by a predicative word in combination with another predicate.The thesis provide answers to two central questions raised by syntactically complex predicates: How is the combination of predicates licensed and how is it possible to determine the valence of the complex predicates from the valence of the simple predicates that it is composed of.The thesis treats three types of complex predicate. A rather detailed account of the inventory of Danish prepositions is given, arguing that there are two types, raising prepositions and lexical prepositions, which may combine to form complex prepositions. Complex prepositions may function as co-predicates in Support Verb Constructions and Resultative Constructions, the two other types of complex predicate treated in the thesis. The inventory of Danish support verbs is described and it is suggested that they are characterized by having a lexically underspecified semantics and by selecting a co-predicate with which they obligatorily combine. The main characteristics of the resultative construction are described and it is shown that the proposed theory can be extended in a natural way to handle it. It is argued that the verbs participating in the resultative construction are full verbs with a lexically specified semantics and therefore have no need to combine with a co-predicate.The proposal is formalized within the framework of HPSG (Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar) and implemented on the ConTroll platform.<br/
Locative Prepositions and Adverbs in Danish
Get PDFDanish has a small group of words traditionally referred to as spatial adverbs. These adverbs are characterized by having three distinct forms, two directional forms, -Ø (1a) and -ad (1b), and a stative form –e (1c) which also occurs in source PPs (1d):
•
• Hunden løb ind i haven.
’Dog_the ran into garden_the’
• Vi gik hjemad.
’We went homeward’
• Børnene legede ude i haven.
’The children played out in garden_the’
• Hunden kom løbende inde fra haven.
’Dog_the came running within from garden_the’
The paper investigates the relationship between these adverbs and locative prepositions within an event based semantics. It is suggested that adverb + preposition form a complex predicate denoting a state temporally related to another event. In most cases the preposition specifies the locative relation, while the temporal relation is determined compositionally. Thus a number of prepositions, i, ‘in’, på, ‘on’, over, ‘over’, etc., are ambiguous between a directional and a stative reading, but unambiguous in combination with adverbs: ind i: directional, inde i: stative. Similarly, as mentioned above, the –e form of adverbs is compatible with a source and a stative reading, but unambiguous in combination with a preposition, 1c. being stative and 1d. source. Locational adverbs furthermore express a relation between two locations. In directionals the two related locations are goal and source. 2a. says that the garden is ‘in’ in relation to the source of the motion, for instance the street, in 2b. the garden is ‘out’ so the source could for instance be the house.
•
• Hunden løb ind i haven.
‘Dog_the ran into in garden_the’
• Hunden løb ud i haven.
’Dog_the ran out in garden_the’
In statives the location denoted by the PP is normally related to the location of the speaker, 3a, or the addressee, 3b.
•
• Ole sidder ude i haven.
’Ole sits out in garden_the’
• Vi sidder her ude i haven.
’We sit here out in garden_the
Pseudocoordination in Danish
Get PDFIn this paper we propose an analysis of Danish pseudocoordination constructions. The analysis is
based on a hybrid phrase hierarchy where phrase types are assumed to be subtypes of types that cut
across the traditional division of phrasal types, allowing the phrase type of pseudocoordinations to
be a subtype of both coordinate phrases and headed phrases, and consequently inherit properties from
both types. The analysis is linearization-based. We further develop a set of constraints on the
phrasal types in the hierarchy.
The hybrid phrase hierarchy and the set of constraints on the various types in the hierarchy explain
why, on the one hand, pseudocoordinations contain conjunctions and the conjuncts must have the same
form and tense, and on the other, have a fixed order, allow extraction out of the second conjunct,
do not allow overt subjects in the second conjunct and allow transitive verbs to appear in
there-constructions
There-constructions with transitive verbs
Get PDFIn this paper we address the question of which transitive verbs
allow there-insertion in Danish. We propose that two constraints
have to be met in order for verbs to appear in Danish
there-constructions. Firstly, as have been noted by others, an empty
direct object position must be available. This constraint is not
sufficient for restricting the set of verbs in there-constructions.
We further propose a locative constraint. The transitive verbs allowing
there-insertion will be shown to coincide with verbs that allow a
locative analysis
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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