1,720,953 research outputs found
An Occlusion and Pose Sensitive Image Dataset for Black Ear Recognition
No full textRESEARCH APPROACH
The research approach adopted for the study consists of seven phases which includes as shown in Figure 1:
Pre-acquisition
data pre-processing
Raw images collection
Image pre-processing
Naming of images
Dataset Repository
Performance Evaluation
The different phases in the study are discussed in the sections below.
PRE-ACQUISITION
The volunteers are given brief orientation on how their data will be managed and used for research purposes only. After the volunteers agrees, a consent form is given to be read and signed. The sample of the consent form filled by the volunteers is shown in Figure 1.
The capturing of images was started with the setup of the imaging device. The camera is set up on a tripod stand in stationary position at the height 90 from the floor and distance 20cm from the subject.
EAR IMAGE ACQUISITION
Image acquisition is an action of retrieving image from an external source for further processing. The image acquisition is purely a hardware dependent process by capturing unprocessed images of the volunteers using a professional camera. This was acquired through a subject posing in front of the camera. It is also a process through which digital representation of a scene can be obtained. This representation is known as an image and its elements are called pixels (picture elements). The imaging sensor/camera used in this study is a Canon E0S 60D professional camera which is placed at a distance of 3 feet form the subject and 20m from the ground.
This is the first step in this project to achieve the project’s aim of developing an occlusion and pose sensitive image dataset for black ear recognition. (OPIB ear dataset). To achieve the objectives of this study, a set of black ear images were collected mostly from undergraduate students at a public University in Nigeria.
The image dataset required is captured in two scenarios:
1. uncontrolled environment with a surveillance camera
The image dataset captured is purely black ear with partial occlusion in a constrained and unconstrained environment.
2. controlled environment with professional cameras
The ear images captured were from black subjects in controlled environment. To make the OPIB dataset pose invariant, the volunteers stand on a marked positions on the floor indicating the angles at which the imaging sensor was captured the volunteers’ ear. The capturing of the images in this category requires that the subject stand and rotates in the following angles 60o, 30o and 0o towards their right side to capture the left ear and then towards the left to capture the right ear (Fernando et al., 2017) as shown in Figure 4. Six (6) images were captured per subject at angles 60o, 30o and 0o for the left and right ears of 152 volunteers making a total of 907 images (five volunteers had 5 images instead of 6, hence folders 34, 22, 51, 99 and 102 contain 5 images).
To make the OPIB dataset occlusion and pose sensitive, partial occlusion of the subject’s ears were simulated using rings, hearing aid, scarf, earphone/ear pods, etc. before the images are captured.
CONSENT FORM
This form was designed to obtain participant’s consent on the project titled: An Occlusion and Pose Sensitive Image Dataset for Black Ear Recognition (OPIB). The information is purely needed for academic research purposes and the ear images collected will curated anonymously and the identity of the volunteers will not be shared with anyone. The images will be uploaded on online repository to aid research in ear biometrics.
The participation is voluntary, and the participant can withdraw from the project any time before the final dataset is curated and warehoused.
Kindly sign the form to signify your consent.
I consent to my image being recorded in form of still images or video surveillance as part of the OPIB ear images project.
Tick as appropriate:
GENDER Male Female
AGE (18-25) (26-35) (36-50)
………………………………..
SIGNED
Figure 1: Sample of Subject’s Consent Form for the OPIB ear dataset
RAW IMAGE COLLECTION
The ear images were captured using a digital camera which was set to JPEG because if the camera format is set to raw, no processing will be applied, hence the stored file will contain more tonal and colour data. However, if set to JPEG, the image data will be processed, compressed and stored in the appropriate folders.
IMAGE PRE-PROCESSING
The aim of pre-processing is to improve the quality of the images with regards to contrast, brightness and other metrics. It also includes operations such as: cropping, resizing, rescaling, etc. which are important aspect of image analysis aimed at dimensionality reduction. The images are downloaded on a laptop for processing using MATLAB.
Image Cropping
The first step in image pre-processing is image cropping. Some irrelevant parts of the image can be removed, and the image Region of Interest (ROI) is focused. This tool provides a user with the size information of the cropped image. MATLAB function for image cropping realizes this operation interactively by waiting for a user to specify the crop rectangle with the mouse and operate on the current axes. The output images of the cropping process are of the same class as the input image.
Naming of OPIB Ear Images
The OPIB ear images were labelled based on the naming convention formulated from this study as shown in Figure 5. The images are given unique names that specifies the subject, the side of the ear (left or right) and the angle of capture. The first and second letters (SU) in the image names is block letter simply representing subject for subject 1-to-n in the dataset, while the left and right ears is distinguished using L1, L2, L3 and R1, R2, R3 for angles 600, 300 and 00, respectively as shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Naming Convention for OPIB ear images
NAMING CONVENTION
Label
Degrees 600 300 00
No of the degree 1 2 3
Subject 1 indicates (first image in dataset) SU1
Subject n indicates (last image in dataset) SUn
Left Image 1 L 1
Left image n L n
Right Image 1 R 1
Right Image n R n
SU1L1 SU1RI
SU1L2 SU1R2
SU1L3 SU1R3
OPIB EAR DATASET EVALUATION
The prominent challenges with the current evaluation practices in the field of ear biometrics are the use of different databases, different evaluation matrices, different classifiers that mask the feature extraction performance and the time spent developing framework (Abaza et al., 2013; Emeršič et al., 2017).
The toolbox provides environment in which the evaluation of methods for person recognition based on ear biometric data is simplified. It executes all the dataset reads and classification based on ear descriptors.
DESCRIPTION OF OPIB EAR DATASET
OPIB ear dataset was organised into a structure with each folder containing 6 images of the same person. The images were captured with both left and right ear at angle 0, 30 and 60 degrees. The images were occluded with earing, scarves and headphone etc. The collection of the dataset was done both indoor and outdoor. The dataset was gathered through the student at a public university in Nigeria. The percentage of female (40.35%) while Male (59.65%). The ear dataset was captured through a profession camera Nikon D 350. It was set-up with a camera stand where an individual captured in a process order. A total number of 907 images was gathered.
The challenges encountered in term of gathering students for capturing, processing of the images and annotations. The volunteers were given a brief orientation on what their ear could be used for before, it was captured, for processing. It was a great task in arranging the ear (dataset) into folders and naming accordingly.
Table 2: Overview of the OPIB Ear Dataset
Location
Both Indoor and outdoor environment
Information about Volunteers
Students
Gender
Female (40.35%) and male (59.65%)
Head Side Left and Right
Side Left and Right
Total number of volunteers
152
Per Subject images
3 images of left ear and 3 images of right ear
Total Images
907
Age group
18 to 35 years
Colour Representation
RGB
Image Resolution
224x22
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
