1,720,977 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Evaluation of informal sector activities in Germany under consideration of electrical and electronic waste management systems
Get PDFThe informal sector is described as groups of persons who act in parallel to official waste management systems without official authorisation. Such informal activities can result in risks as well as benefits both to the environment and involved stakeholders, which explains the continuing lively discussions in politics, science and society.
Transhipments of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) are increasingly focused in Germany. In addition to informal exports via the port of Hamburg to countries such as China, Ghana or Nigeria, informal transports to Eastern European countries have been recognised for decades. This paper describes investigations regarding the characteristics, transhipped amounts as well as the eco-efficiency of informal sector activities originating from Eastern European countries, while thereby highlighting transhipments of used appliances to destination countries and a corresponding sale for reuse.
Investigations reveal that a majority of informal collectors originate from Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania and are recognised across Germany. A high WEEE specialisation was determined, whereby average annual transhipped amounts are estimated at 77,000 tons. Collected materials are transhipped and partially sold for reuse. A case study considers the example of Polish informal collectors. The ratio between economic and environmental performance reveal that informal sector reuse activities in Poland achieve a higher environmentally sound performance in comparison to further usage of appliances under consideration. The informal collection of a television in Germany (and subsequent reuse in Poland) causes 8.34 kg less specific CO2 emissions per spend-costs (€) than the production, usage and further use in Poland. Conversely, a further use of a television in Germany only results in 2.2 kg less CO2 emissions per spend-costs (€).
These results demonstrate that reuse as a result of informal sector activities can have a positive effect. Future electrical and electronic products available for reuse will have lower energy consumptions. A positive contribution to resource protection is thereby achieved while extending already short life cycles. Taking into account a dependency on collections with respect to their income, a pure ban of informal sector activities would therefore be socially counterproductive. A structured and controlled accomplishment of informal collection processes would open up new opportunities to enlarge the (already existing) concept of reuse at an international level
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Analyze of RDF-production in Vietnam
Get PDFA simplified RDF production was made, together with a waste characterization of MSW from Hanoi area. Three experiments were done, two with active aeration and one without. A high water content was determined at all RDF, which has a negative influence on the lower heating value and a saving-effect. A accumulation of the heating value to the higher class (>40mm), was not completely possible, also no complete transfer of mineral contents to the lower class (<10mm). The RDF reach in most cases the criteria for a fuel for different limit values, heavy metals, chloride and sulfur. An economic benefit could be possible with a surplus income by using RDF instead of coal (lignite), also by avoiding landfill gas and sell emission rights via CDM. More and detailed investigations seem to be necessary to confirm these results.:I. Index I
II. Abbreviations III
III. List of Tables IV
IV. Figures VII
V. Acknowledgements VIII
VI. Summary IX
1. Introduction 1
2. Materials and methods 3
2.1 Waste Composition Analyze 3
2.2 Sample analyze 4
2.2.1 Water Content 4
2.2.2 Size reduction 5
2.2.3 Carbon content 5
2.2.4 Chloride and Sulfur 7
2.2.5 Heavy metals 7
2.2.6 fossil and biogenic carbon 9
2.2.7 Ash content / Los of Ignition 11
2.3 biological Stabilization 11
2.3.1 Active Aeration 12
2.3.2 Passive aeration 12
2.4 Clean Development Mechanism 13
2.4.1 Kyoto Protocol 13
2.4.2 International emission trading 14
2.4.3 Clean Development Mechanism 15
2.4.4 Avoidance potential of emissions from waste through RDF production 22
2.5 Economic calculation 27
2.6 Comparison to the usage of primary energy sources 28
3. Results 30
3.1 Waste characterization 30
3.2 Mass Balance of RDF Production 33
3.3 Water content 34
3.3.1 Waste from Characterization 34
3.3.2 RDF 35
3.4 Heating value 36
3.4.1 Waste from Characterization 36
3.4.2 RDF 37
3.5 Heavy metals 38
3.5.1 Waste from Characterization 38
3.5.2 RDF 39
3.6 Chloride and Sulfur content 41
3.6.1 Waste from Characterization 41
3.6.2 RDF 42
3.7 Total carbon content 42
3.8 Biogenic / fossil carbon content / Ash 43
3.9 Methane avoidance potential 44
3.10 CO2e emission through RDF usage 45
3.11 Economic comparison 46
3.12 Comparison to coal 47
4. Discussion 48
4.1 1st Thesis 48
4.2 2nd Thesis 53
4.3 3rd Thesis 61
4.3.1 Mechanical requirements 62
4.3.2 Caloric requirements 63
4.3.3 Chemical requirements 64
4.4 4th Thesis 71
4.4.1 Environmental benefit 71
4.4.2 Economical benefit 74
5. Conclusion 77
References 79
Annex I - Tables I
Affidavit – Eidesstattliche Erklärung
- …
