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The effect of short high intensity intermitent training on pain tolerance and self-paced cycling performance
Get PDFIntroduction
Pain tolerance has been identified as a potential factor attributable to an athlete’s success. Previous studies have reported that high intensity intermittent training (HIIT) can increase pain tolerance and exercise capacity. However, it is unclear if short HIIT programs are effective at increasing pain tolerance and self-paced exercise performance. Consequently, we investigated the effect of a short HIIT intervention on pain tolerance and 5 km time trial (TT) cycling performance.
Methods
Participants (n=18) were randomly assigned and completed either three (Ex-1; n=9) or six HIIT sessions (Ex-2; n=9). HIIT involved participants cycling at RPE=15 (6x5mins interspersed by 1mins recovery). Participant’s pain catastrophizing (PCS), anxiety (PASS-20), ischemic pain tolerance test and 5 km TT performance responses were assessed at baseline and three or six HIIT sessions
Results
No changes in power output, heart rate or RPE were observed across subsequent HIIT sessions. Pain tolerance and threshold remained unchanged after HIIT. Participant’s PASS responses remained unchanged after HIIT but PCS responses did decrease following HIIT (p=0.002, d=0.56) with no difference between groups. 5 km TT performance remained unchanged although HR decreased after HIIT with no difference between groups (p=0.031, d=0.27).
Conclusion
Self-paced HIIT was ineffective at increase pain tolerance and cycling time trial performance. This is likely due to the current protocols inefficiency to get participants to exercise to their tolerance and not eliciting the necessary metabolic demands to promote aerobic physiological adaptations respectively. Therefore, future research should consider this and design self-paced HIIT protocols that do not compromise training intensity. Furthermore, research focusing on other psychological measures (e.g. self-efficacy and pain management strategies) should also be considered when assessing the effect of any exercise training on pain tolerance to better understand why any changes in pain tolerance occur
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
How stressed do you get?: A negative personality constellation is associated with higher feelings of stress but lower blood pressure, heart rate, and hormone responses to stressful experiences
No full textAn individual’s personality is often seen to be composed of varying levels of positive and negative characteristics; these can in turn influence numerous aspects including how we respond to mental stress. Exaggerated cardiovascular reactions, namely heart rate and blood pressure responses, have been associated with an increased risk of developing hypertension (high blood pressure) and further cardiovascular disease outcomes. Similarly, exaggerated cortisol (a hormone released during stress) reactivity has been associated with anti-social disorders and increased disease susceptibility. Recent research, however, demonstrates low reactivity is associated with a range of adverse outcomes including depression, substance addiction, and disordered eating. Given the detrimental health and behavioural associations, the aim of the present study was to determine whether different personality traits affect how we perceive and biologically respond to a stressful experience.
352 middle aged Dutch men and women were exposed to three tasks designed to create mental stress; Stroop task (color-word conflict challenge), mirror tracing (a star had to be traced that could only be seen in mirror image), and a speech task (defending themselves against a shoplifting allegation). Heart rate, blood pressure, and cortisol were measured at rest and in response to the stressful experiences. Individuals subsequently completed the Big Five Inventory to assess their levels of five key personality traits: 1 negative trait- neuroticism (tendency to experience negative emotions), and 4 positive traits- agreeableness (willingness to be helpful and social towards others), openness to experience (tendency to be creative and imaginative), extraversion (inclination to be energetic and sociable), and conscientiousness (related to high determination and self-discipline).
Those scoring higher in neuroticism actually demonstrated lower heart rate, blood pressure, and cortisol stress responses, despite reporting greater perceptions of task stressfulness and difficulty, and lower feelings of control. Conversely, individuals who were more agreeable and open had greater heart rate and cortisol reactions, despite more open individuals reporting greater control and lower levels of stressfulness and difficulty.
These results suggest that the level of stress we may actually feel is not always reflected in our physical responses. A possible reason for this is because over time, if we consistently report greater stressfulness levels such as those individuals with high neuroticism, the body may actually adapt to respond less; a process known as allostatic load. Accordingly, this may protect the individual from the harmful consequences of exaggerated physical responses which have been linked to high blood pressure, heart disease, and their related deaths. Conversely, it would appear that those with a negative set of personality traits, i.e. high neuroticism, and low agreeableness and openness, demonstrate lower biological stress responses. These findings further support a growing body of evidence which suggests that blunted stress reactivity may be maladaptive, and possibly reflect emotional and motivational dysregulation in the brain. The results suggest it may be possible to identify individuals characterised by a personality profile which renders individuals vulnerable to adverse health and behavioral outcomes, thus allowing individual support to be provided to prevent such negative consequences. Future research aims to determine additional health and behavioural outcomes which may be characterised by this blunted stress reactivity
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
We are watching you: Type D personality is associated with greater blood pressure, heart rate and hormone responses in socially stressful situations
Get PDFIndividuals can be classified as having Type D, ‘distressed’, personality which is characterised by a tendency to experience negative emotions and to hide these emotions during social interaction. Type D personality has been linked to heart disease. A potential mechanism behind this association is large blood pressure, heart rate and hormone (cortisol) responses to stress. Previous studies examining stress responses in Type D individuals have reported mixed findings, potentially due to the social aspect of the stress task. The present study, therefore, examined whether blood pressure, heart rate and cortisol responses in 130 Type D and non-Type D students differed according to a social-evaluative or non-social version of the stress task. Within the social stress condition individuals with Type D personality had the greatest blood pressure, heart rate and cortisol stress responses (p < .05). Further, within the non-social stress condition, Type D individuals appeared to demonstrate lower stress responses. This study is important in highlighting individuals with Type D personality only have large physical stress reactions under socially stressful conditions, and this may lead to heart disease
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Constitutional and behavioural correlates of individual differences in biological stress reactivity
No full textThis thesis examined potential corollaries of individual differences in cardiovascular and/or cortisol reactions to acute psychological stress, with specific focus upon personality and behavioural characteristics. Chapter 2 reported that a negative constellation of the Big 5 personality traits, higher neuroticism and lower openness and agreeableness, was associated with blunted physiological reactivity. Chapter 3 demonstrated that, in comparison to individuals without Type D personality, Type Ds had greater physiological reactivity during social stress, but lower reactivity when exposed to largely asocial stress. Both these studies also reported dissociation between subjective and physiological stress responses. Chapter 4 reported that individuals with problematic Internet use and/or excessive alcohol consumption did not differ in physiological stress reactivity in comparison to non-dependent controls. Finally, Chapter 5 demonstrated that, compared to exaggerated cardiovascular stress responders, blunted reactors had greater levels of behavioural impulsivity. Overall, the research reported provides evidence that there is dissociation between affective and physiological stress responses, the context in which the stressful situation is experienced is important, and finally, blunted reactivity appears to be related to adverse outcomes which are stable rather than transient, suggesting that it may be a peripheral marker of dysfunction in the brain systems that support motivated behaviour
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