1,720,974 research outputs found
Effects of orthographic neighborhood on reading in Chinese - An fMRI study
Full text linkBACKGROUND: Much research has focused on neighborhood size in alphabetic languages. Results have consistently demonstrated that the neighborhood effect is a stimulating factor ill word reading. The present study addressed whether there are neighborhood effects ill Chinese character reading. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether neighborhood effect exists, in Chinese character reading and wheather specific brain regions are responsible for it. DESIGN: An event-related design. SETTING: Beijing Anzhen Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The experiment was conducted at Beijing Anzhen Hospital from October 2004 to December 2004. Undergraduate students, aged 19 24 years, were selected from Beijing Normal University, comprising 13 males and 16 females. Inclusive criteria: (1) Neurologcally normal and right-handed: (2) native-Chinese speakers. All subjects gave informed consent prior to experimentation. METHODS: (1) Behavioral experiment: the experiment utilized it 2 x 2 factorial design. The factors included orthographic neighborhood size (few or many neighbors) and lexical regularity (regular or irregular characters). There was no significant difference between the ratio of regular and irregular characters in each family. The experiment was performed on a notebook PC and was piloted by E-Prime software. A fixation point "+" Was presented oil the screen for 500 ins, and then the target item was displayed ill file same place of the fixation for 2 000 ms. Subjects were asked to read the character alound quickly and correctly. The target item disappeared once the subject read it. Reaction time (RT) and error ratios were collected and analyzed. (2) fMRI study: the study was an event-related design. Each character was presented for 500 ms, and the offset was followed by "+" presented for 1 500 - 26 000 ms. Each duration was divided by 500 exactly. The subject was required to read silently. AFNI software package was used to analyze the fMRI data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) RT and error ratio in behavioral experiment; (2) Brain mapping in fMRI study. Results: Twenty-nine undergraduate students were involved in the result analysis. (1) Behavioral experiment results of RT; the main effect of regularity was highly significant for participants (F-1) and items (F-2) [F-1 (1.28) = 135.74. P<0.01: F-2 (1.76) = 49.506. P < 0.01], with regular words being responded faster than irregular words. The main effect of N was not significant, but was localized in an uncertain area [F-1 (1.28) = 3.182, P> 0.05; F-2 not significant]. Moreover, there was an interaction between neighborhood and regularity [F-1 (1.28) = 6.666. P < 0.05: F-2 ( 1.76) = 3.157, P > 0.05]. Analyses of simple effect determined that when the characters were irregular, the RT of low neighborhoods was shorter than high neighborhoods. Behavioral experiment results of error ratio: similar analyses were performed on the number of errors in the naming task. ANOVA demonstrated a main effect of regularity [F-1 (1.28) = 10.475, P<0.01; F-2 (1.76) = 4.686, P < 0.05], with errors of regular words less than irregular words. The main effect of neighborhoods was not significant. Moreover, there was an interaction between neighborhood and regularity by subjects [F-1 1.28) = 7.632, P < 0.05], but not by items [F-2 ( 1.76) = 3.906. P > 0.05]. Analyses of simple effect found that when the characters were regular, the number of errors in high neighborhoods (23%) was greater than in low neighborhoods (11%). (2) fMRI results; bilateral fusiforms were sensitive to Chinese character shape. Both neighborhoods effect and regular effect mainly yielded right cerebral hemisphere and bilateral brain area. CONCLUSION: Neighborhood effect existed in character reading. However, results are contrary to what has been shown in English word reading. The fewer neighborhoods that one character had, the shorter the RT was. The fMRI results demonstrated the neighborhood effect and regular effect primarily stimulated right cerebral hemisphere and the bilateral brain area.BACKGROUND: Much research has focused on neighborhood size in alphabetic languages. Results have consistently demonstrated that the neighborhood effect is a stimulating factor ill word reading. The present study addressed whether there are neighborhood effects ill Chinese character reading
Electrochemical Detection of Free Chlorine at Inkjet Printed Silver Electrodes
Full text linkA low-cost, reliable and sensitive electrochemical method for free chlorine analysis in water using inkjet printed silver electrodes is presented. Free chlorine detection was based on linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) analysis of AgCl/Ag2O films formed over an inkjet printed silver electrode by the spontaneous reaction between silver and free chlorine species (i.e. HClO and ClO−) present in solution. The formation of AgCl/Ag2O films was studied and characterized by high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. LSV characterization demonstrated a quantitative linear relationship between the amount of AgCl/Ag2O formed and the concentration of free chlorine in water within a range from 1 to 100 ppm. After optimization of several parameters (e.g. scan rate, reaction time, starting potential), lowest detectable free chlorine concentration was 0.4 ppm (by standard addition method), while the limit of detection (S/N = 3) was equal to 2 ppm, with a sensitivity of 30 μC/ppm. The validation of the proposed methodology was performed by comparison with the standard N,N-diethylparaphenylenediamine (DPD) method for analyzing swimming pool water samples. Finally, it was demonstrated that reproducible and disposable silver electrodes could be easily prepared by inkjet printing in a large scale and in any required geometry to fit on-line and on-site free chlorine analyses requirements.LEP
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
The relationship between the morphological knowledge and L2 online processing of derivational words
No full text
Objectives/Research Questions: Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of morphological knowledge on second language (L2) online processing of derivational words by Chinese first language (L1)-English L2 learners.</p
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
- …
