1,720,971 research outputs found
Trade related intellectual property rights for genetic resources: Implications for developing countries
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Trade-related intellectual property rights to biological resources: Socioeconomic implications for developing countries
No full textControlling wildlife damage by diffusing beaver population : a bioeconomic application of the distributed parameter control model
Full text linkThe beaver population in the Southeastern United States has caused severe damage to valuable timber land through dam-building and flooding of bottom-land forest. Traditionally, beavers have been trapped by small group of people as a source of their livelihood. The low pelt price in the recent years has failed to stimulate adequate trapping pressure, and thus, resulted in increased beaver population and damage losses. The low trapping pressure has left the burden of nuisance control on property owners. Since the beaver population is mobile, extermination of beavers from affected parcels results in migration of beavers from neighboring less controlled parcels to less populated controlled parcels. This backward migration of beavers from uncontrolled habitat to controlled habitat imposes a negative diffusion externality on the owners of controlled parcels because they have to incur the future cost of trapping immigrating beavers. Unless all the land owners agree to control the beaver population simultaneously, the diffusion externality could result in a low incentive for control of beaver population on the part of individual land owners, causing a wedge between social and private needs for controlling beaver population.
This study attempts to develop a bioeconomic model that incorporates dispersive population dynamics of beavers into the design of a cost-minimizing trapping strategy. While recognizing the need for several management options, depending on the land owners attitude about beavers, this study focuses its attention on the situation where all the land owners in a given habitat share common interest of controlling beaver nuisance, and collectively agree to place the area-wide control decision in the hands of a public agency, on a cost sharing basis. The model is based on the notion that the public manager attempts to minimize the present value combined costs of beaver damage and trapping over a finite period of time subject to spatiotemporal dynamics of beaver population. The time and spatial dynamics of beaver population is summarized by the parabolic diffusive Volterra-Lotka partial differential equation. Thus, the current problem is a typical distributed parameter control problem.
The cost-minimizing area-wide trapping model is capable of characterizing the beaver control strategy that leaves enough beavers after taking into account the net migration at each location and time, so as to strike the optimal balance between timber damage and trapping cost. The marginality condition governing this tradeoff requires that the marginal damage savings from the beavers trapped at each location equal the marginal costs of trapping. The marginal savings from trapping activity, in turn, is measured as the imputed nuisance value (shadow price) of the beaver stock in a unit area.
The optimality system for this problem that characterizes the optimal control is solved numerically. The validity of the theoretical model is empirically examined using the bioeconomic data collected for the Wildlife Management Regions of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. The empirical simulation generated discrete values for the optimal beaver densities and trapping rates across all the individual operational units over time. The entire distribution of optimal beaver densities does gradually and smoothly decline over the period of time. The unevenness of the initial population distribution smoothes out eventually across the beaver habitat. At each geographical location, towards the end of the planning period optimal trapping rate will become zero, whereas the population density asymptotically approaches zero.
The sensitivity analysis where the cost and damage parameters of the model are alternated between high and low values indicates that an increase in the damage potential of beavers could substantially increase the net present value total cost. On the other hand, an increase in the cost of beaver trapping adds only marginally to the total cost, conserving more number of beavers. The geographical variation in the beaver damage potential has a noticeable reflection on the spatial distribution of trapping rates, with little impact on the optimal densities. The areas with higher beaver damage potentials require more intensive trapping operation
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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