1,720,979 research outputs found
Regulating Pharmaceutical Prices in India Policy Design, Implementation and Compliance
No full textThis book presents an extensive study on the effectiveness of recent regulations on pharmaceutical prices in India, exploring the weaknesses in the design and implementation of pharmaceutical price controls and investigating what can be done to fix the broken system. In addition, it examines the extent to which essential medicines are actually made affordable by price controls. The book argues that companies make the pharmaceutical price control regime largely ineffective by coordinating to increase pre-regulation prices; by diversifying horizontally away from the regulated markets and increasing prices in the unregulated markets; by manipulating trade margins; and by refusing to comply with the regulation because the penalties remains negligible. The book draws on extensive empirical research involving India's 2013 Drug Price Control Order and widely-used medicines such as paracetamol and metformin to illustrate how firms have weakened regulation. It argues that the regulatory regime can be strengthened by using systematic analysis of product- and region-level data in the Indian pharmaceutical industry, and by screening for the strategies that firms currently employ to circumvent regulation. In closing, it discusses recent efforts to strengthen the implementation of price controls in India and expanding the scope of price controls to medical devices
The Moderating Role of Submarket Dynamics on the Product Customization–Firm Survival Relationship
Full text linkIn this paper, we examine how the provision of product customization services affects firm survival. Integrating literatures on industry evolution, product-related adapting services, and entry deterrence, we hypothesize that the relationship between product customization—the costly modification of a product to cater to customer needs—and firm survival differs across industries, based on the extent of submarkets. We argue that in industries that feature submarkets more prominently, the positive association between product customization and firm survival is stronger for two conceptually distinct and empirically distinguishable mechanisms: customizing firms enter new submarkets and also deter potential entry. We conclude that offering product customization services has strategic benefits that sometimes outweigh the cost of coordinating with customers
Maximum Resale Price Maintenance and Retailer Cartel Profits: Evidence from the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
Full text linkMaximum Resale Price Maintenance and Retailer Cartel Profits: Evidence from the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
Full text linkMaximum Resale Price Maintenance and Retailer Cartel Profits: Evidence from the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Latent Submarket Dynamics and Industry Evolution: Lessons from the U.S. Laser Industry
No full textIn its first 35 years, the US laser industry was characterized by steady growth in output and the number of producers, whereas subsequently the number of producers steadily declined despite continued growth in the industry’s output. A model of industry evolution that features the creation, destruction, and fusing of independent submarkets is developed to explain these two eras. Data on all laser producers are used to test various implications of the model concerning entry, exit, and innovation. The findings suggest that the emergence of an integrative submarket can fundamentally alter an industry’s market structure and the character of innovation, which is applied to explain historical developments in the evolution of various innovative industries
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