1,720,973 research outputs found
Effects of recrystallization and strain on Ti re-equilibration in quartz in a cooling pluton
No full textSince a couple of years the trace amount of Ti in quartz (Ti-in-quartz or TitaniQ) has been used to constrain the deformation temperature in quartzitic rocks. Independently of how precise the estimate of deformation temperature could be, a basic question still remains controversial of how effective is dynamic recrystallization to reset the Ti in quartz in mylonites. The study of a heterogeneous ductile shear zone developed during post-magmatic cooling of a titanite-bearing granodiorite allows the effect of strain and recrystallization on Ti re-equilibration in quartz to be assessed. The different strain facies show a heterogeneous distribution of Ti content (measured by SIMS) which correlates well with cathodoluminescence (CL) intensity. In the granodiorite protolith CL-bright Ti-rich (20-38 ppm) quartz shows CL-dark Ti-poor haloes (Ti as low as 6-8 ppm) surrounding euhedral titanite. Grain-scale heterogeneities include Ti depleted (CL-darker) grain boundaries (Ti 4-6 ppm). In the protomylonite quartz shows a variable degree of recrystallization associated with strain gradients along S-C foliations anastomosing around feldspar porphyroclasts. Original CL-dark haloes surrounding titanite were passively stretched into the foliation; away from these haloes recrystallized quartz appears mainly bright in CL and retained high Ti contents as in the protolith. Quartz-filled pressure shadows, appended to disrupted feldspar porphyroclasts, show dark CL indicative of very low Ti content (1-3 ppm). In the mylonites and ultramylonites quartz forms totally recrystallized layers that are dominantly dark in CL but show internally a “subtle” CL layering subparallel to foliation reflecting variations of Ti in the range of 3 to 12 ppm. EBSD analysis of quartz indicates that prism was the dominant crystallographic slip system, associated with subgrain formation and subgrain rotation recrystallization, at all stages of deformation. This indicates together with dynamic recrystallization of K-feldspar and plagioclase (Oligoclase: An 16-20%) deformation conditions at ∼ 500 ◦C. We conclude that under, the dominant conditions of deformation at ∼ 500 ◦C: (i) Ti content is strongly dependent on microstructure; (ii) high strain and complete recrystallization by subgrain rotation produced only incomplete homogenization of Ti, (iii) water-assisted synkinematic precipitation of new quartz in pressure shadows dramatically changed the Ti content of quartz to very low values. These observations pose serious limitations to the use of the Ti-in-quartz thermo-barometer to constrain ambient conditions of ductile deformation
Ti distribution in quartz across a heterogeneous shear zone within a granodiorite: The effect of deformation mechanism and strain on Ti resetting
No full textThe study of a heterogeneous ductile shear zone that developed at ~ 500 °C and 0.2 GPa during post-magmatic cooling of a granodiorite has allowed the effect of strain and recrystallization on Ti re-equilibration of quartz to be assessed. Understanding this effect is critical for applying Ti-in-quartz thermobarometry to mylonites. Differently strained quartz across the shear zone shows a heterogeneous distribution of Ti concentrations ([Ti]) (measured by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, SIMS) ranging between 2 and 45 ppm. Quartz cathodoluminescence (CL) is proven by spectral analysis to be correlated with [Ti], allowing CL images to be calibrated as Ti maps using SIMS measurements. Coarse-grained weakly deformed domains consist of magmatic quartz extensively recrystallized by grain boundary migration (GBM) and mostly (65–75% area) contain 20–38 ppm Ti. Resetting to lower [Ti] occurred locally: (i) in haloes surrounding titanite and biotite inclusions ([Ti] as low as 6 ppm); (ii) along grain boundaries; and (iii) towards the interface of quartz domains with other mineral domains. With increasing strain, quartz underwent progressive grain size reduction and developed a bimodal microstructure with elongate grains (> 100's μm long) surrounded by mantles of new grains (10–30 μm in size) recrystallized by subgrain rotation (SGR). Dynamic recrystallization by SGR, associated with prism slip, became increasingly dominant over GBM as strain increased towards the shear zone core. Significant resetting of Ti in quartz only occurred in high strain domains (at shear strain γ probably >> 10) in the shear zone core where fine recrystallization amounts to 50–60% by area and coarser cores are strongly sub-structured. These domains are not compositionally homogeneous and still show a range of [Ti] mostly between 2 and 10 ppm. In all strain facies of the shear zone quartz-filled pressure shadows associated with feldspar show an almost constant [Ti] of ~ 2 ppm. The pristine Ti content of the magmatic quartz mylonitized in the shear zone core is therefore significantly reset and converges “asymptotically” towards the “equilibrium” 2 ppm [Ti] shown by new quartz precipitated in pressure shadows. It is inferred that extensive recrystallization by SGR and repeated cycles of dislocation creep and rearrangement provided fluid access to quartz grain interiors, promoting chemical buffering and leading to partial re-equilibration to low [Ti]. These observations imply limitations on the use of the Ti-in-quartz thermobarometry to constrain ambient conditions of ductile deformation
Deformation-induced Japan twinning in quartz during incipient mylonitization
No full textMany crystalline rocks of the continental crust contain coarse-grained quartz as a main mineral (e.g., granitoids). Incipient deformation of coarse quartz, which likely controls the accumulation of bulk strain in heterogeneously deformed crustal rock volumes, commonly develops microshear zones (MSZs) of localized recrystallization. At mid-crustal conditions, where quartz deformation is mostly accomplished by subgrain rotation recrystallization, grains of MSZs can show an abrupt change in crystallographic orientation (large misorienta- tion angle) with respect to the host quartz that is still not fully understood. We analyzed MSZs (20–200 μm thick) from deformed coarse-grained (millimeter grain size) quartz veins in the Austroalpine Schobergruppe (Eastern Alps). Electron backscatter diffraction analysis reveals that the MSZs are characterized by a nearly 90° misorientation angle between the c-axes of the host and new grains, which also share one {m} and one {112 2} pole, compatible with Japan twinning. This abrupt switch of the c-axis orientation can promote geometrical softening and shear localization. So far, Japan twinning has been interpreted as a growth feature. We show that deformation-induced twinning in quartz, including Japan and Dauphiné twinning, can play an important role in initiation of crystal-plastic deformation within the crust
Instantaneous healing of micro-fractures during coseismic slip: Evidence from microstructure and Ti in quartz geochemistry within an exhumed pseudotachylyte-bearing fault in tonalite
No full textExhumed faults within the tonalitic Adamello pluton (Southern Alps) were seismic at depth as indicated by the presence of pseudotachylytes (solidified friction-induced melts). During cooling of tonalite, early-formed joints were first exploited by localized ductile shear zones associated with deposition of quartz veins (at ~ 500 °C), and later by pseudotachylyte-bearing cataclastic faults (at ~ 250–300 °C ambient temperature). Adjacent to pseudotachylytes, quartz of the host tonalite shows pervasive thin (1–10 μm wide) healed micro-fractures and ultra-fine (1–2 μm grain size) recrystallized aggregates along micro-shear zones. Under cathodoluminescence (CL) the healed micro-fractures have a darker gray shade than the host “magmatic” quartz that reflects a change in Ti concentrations ([Ti]) as indicated by NanoSIMS measurements. [Ti] vary from 35–55 ppm in the CL-lighter host quartz to 10–13 ppm along the CL-darker healed micro-fractures. These [Ti] were inherited by the ultra-fine recrystallized aggregates that overprinted both the magmatic quartz and the healed micro-fractures during the high temperature transient related to frictional seismic slip. Based on Ti-in-quartz thermometry, we infer that micro-fracture healing occurred at higher temperatures than the ambient temperatures of faulting (250–300 °C at 0.2 GPa), for which [Ti] < 1 ppm would be expected. Micro-fracture healing can be ascribed to the stage of seismic slip of faults on the basis of the observation that: (i) they are absent in the host rock surrounding high-T quartz veins un-exploited by faults; and (ii) they locally occur at the tip of pseudotachylyte injection veins filling new fractures developed during the propagation of the earthquake rupture. The relatively high [Ti] of micro-fractures are therefore interpreted to reflect quartz healing by a fluid overheated during the initial stages of frictional seismic slip and escaping from fault surface through the damage zone. This suggests that, in the presence of fluids, thermal pressurization of the fault did not occur and did not prevent frictional melting. The small-scale microstructures and geochemistry of quartz in the wall of the studied paleo-seismic fault record a complex deformational history, referable to the short-lived (on the order of 104 s) thermal anomaly induced by frictional seismic slip, that includes both micro-fracture healing and recrystallization. This microstructural assemblage of the natural exhumed fault provides a key for understanding the mechanics of an earthquake source
On-fault earthquake energy density partitioning from shocked garnet in an exhumed seismic midcrustal fault
Full text linkThe energy released during an earthquake is mostly dissipated in the fault zone and subordinately as radiated seismic waves. The on-fault energy budget is partitioned into frictional heat, generation of new grain surface by microfracturing, and crystal-lattice distortion associated with dislocation defects. The relative contribution of these components is debated and difficult to assess, but this energy partitioning strongly influences earthquake mechanics. We use high-resolution scanning-electron-microscopy techniques, especially to analyze shocked garnet in a fault wall-rock, to provide the first estimate of all three energy components for a seismic fault patch exhumed from midcrustal conditions. Fault single-jerk seismicity is recorded by the presence of pristine quenched frictional melt. The estimated value of energy per unit fault surface is similar to 13 megajoules per square meter for heat, which is predominant with respect to both surface energy (up to 0.29 megajoules per square meter) and energy associated with crystal lattice distortion (0.02 megajoules per square meter)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
