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COMMERCIO BRITANNICO E IMPERIALISMO INFORMALE IN AMERICA LATINA. ROBERT P. STAPLES TRA RÍO DE LA PLATA, PERÙ E MESSICO (1808-1824)
Full text linkIl lavoro consiste nella ricostruzione delle reti atlantiche e globali di un agente politico e commerciale britannico, attivo nel periodo delle guerre di indipendenza in America latina. Robert Ponsonby Staples (1784-1852) fu prima console ufficioso a Buenos Aires e poi console in Messico, ad Acapulco e Guadalajara. Possiamo definire la sua una biografia “imperiale”, in quanto Staples si mosse, prima sul Río de la Plata, poi sulla costa americana del Pacifico (dove giunse dopo essersi spinto fino Calcutta) e infine in Messico, negli spazi dove si dispiegarono gli interessi imperiali della Gran Bretagna, in particolare quelli resi accessibili dalla crisi dell’impero ispano-americano. La ricostruzione delle vicende di un agente prevalentemente informale, tra missioni politiche e iniziative commerciali di rilevanza politico-strategica (i prestiti ai nuovi governi indipendenti, gli investimenti minerari e il commercio di forniture militari), è effettuata sulla base di documenti conservati in archivi pubblici e privati di Londra, Belfast, Buenos Aires, Santiago del Cile, Città del Messico. È stato possibile, attraverso tali fonti, analizzare con quali metodi, mediante quali reti di relazioni e con quali obbiettivi, la politica britannica di “influenza” funzionò nella pratica corrente degli affari politici, commerciali e finanziari in America latina. E in che misura questo caso di studio possa contribuire a sostanziare di nuovi elementi la tesi di Robinson e Gallagher circa l’esistenza di un processo di lungo periodo di formazione di un “impero informale” britannico la cui “bandiera invisibile” avrebbe fatto da elemento trainante per il commercio in aree che sarebbero rimaste indipendenti dal dominio coloniale britannico, ma che nel XIX secolo erano suscettibili di una riconfigurazione dei rapporti di forza tra le potenze. Staples agì all’interno di un particolare ambito della politica britannica, ovvero nello spazio tra la vasta gamma di iniziative che gli agenti politici britannici potevano porre in atto nell’America spagnola, e ciò che il Foreign Office non avrebbe accettato, ritenendolo incompatibile con le enunciazioni ufficiali e/o con gli interessi e gli obbiettivi generali della sua politica estera, compresi quelli inconfessabili. Studiando questo ambito di azione, vi si scoprono all’interno comportamenti, pratiche, iniziative, il cui carattere e il cui esito servono a dare sostanza e a descrivere forme concrete dell’“imperialismo informale”, come un’influenza esercitata allo scopo di favorire la nascita e orientare il consolidamento di strutture politiche e economiche adatte ad accogliere i commerci e gli investimenti britannici.This work aims to reconstruct the Atlantic and global networks of a British political and commercial agent, who was active during the Independence Wars period in Latin America. Robert Ponsonby Staples (1784-1852) was initially the unofficial British consul in Buenos Aires and later became the British consul at Acapulco and Guadalajara. His biography can be defined as “imperial” because Staples operated within the spaces open to Great Britain’s imperial interests, particularly those areas that became accessible to Britain during and after the crisis of the Spanish American empire. Staples was in fact based at first on the banks of the River Plate and later on the Pacific coasts of America, where he arrived via London and Calcutta, and finally in Mexico. As a chiefly informal agent Staples took part in political missions and commercial initiatives of political and strategic consequence; such as loans to newly formed governments, mining investments and trade of military supplies. The reconstruction of all those activities is pieced together from documents preserved in some public and private archives of Belfast, London, Buenos Aires, Santiago and Mexico City. These sources have been used to analyze the networks, methods and purposes by which the British policy of “influence” operated at the level of politics commerce and finance in Latin America. It is also meant to show how the present case-study could contribute to strengthen with new elements Robinson and Gallagher’s thesis on the long-term process of construction of a British “informal empire”, whose “invisible flag” would have been a driving element for British trade in regions susceptible to a reconfiguration of the balance of power in the 19th century, but which were not a part of the British Empire. Staples manoeuvred within a peculiar area of British policy; the area between the broad range of initiatives British political agents could put in practice and what the Foreign Office would have disavowed of them, because conflicting with the official statements and/or with the general goals (also the unofficial goals) of the British foreign policy. It is possible to recognize within this area actions, behaviors, practices, initiatives, whose nature and outcomes help giving substance and describing concrete forms of “informal imperialism”, that is, the British influence exerted to create and to help stabilize economic and political frameworks suited to British trade and investments
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The space of imperialism : an informal consul on the Banks of the River Plate, 1808-1820
No full textVariations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Irish Commercial Networks and British Influence on South American Independence, 1808-1822
No full textAppropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
El teórico, el artista y las flores de papel: las raíces post-imperiales del “imperio informal” y la controversia de Platt con Robinson y Gallagher sobre América Latina (1953-1989): The Theorist, the Artist, and Paper Flowers: The Post-Imperial Roots of “Informal Empire” and the Controversy of Platt with Robinson and Gallagher on Latin America (1953-1989)
Full text link“Informal empire” has returned to historiography with new strength, although it had never completely disappeared. The current relevance of the concept has sparked renewed interest in its origins and the heated debate it provoked. As then, Latin America is the geography most frequently associated with the concept. This article explains Robinson and Gallagher’s proposal and the objections it aroused, particularly on the part of D. C. M. Platt. The biographies of the main authors of this controversy and its political and historiographical contexts help to explain the concept’s nature and evolution. From analysis emerge the undefined character of the modern category of empire, the problem of its limits, and the historical role of non-European modernity. Actually, there were two successive debates. Robinson and Gallagher responded to the end of the British Empire and the rise of US hegemony; Platt to revolutionary Latin America and the “dependency” discourse: phases and theatres of the Cold War.El “imperio informal” ha vuelto con fuerza a la historiografía, aunque nunca se había ido del todo. Esta actualidad del concepto ha suscitado un renovado interés por sus orígenes y la acalorada discusión que provocó. Como entonces, América Latina es la geografía que más se invoca al respecto. Este artículo explica la propuesta de Robinson y Gallagher y las reticencias que concitó, en especial por parte de D. C. M. Platt. Las biografías de los protagonistas de la controversia y sus contextos políticos e historiográficos permiten explicar su naturaleza y evolución. Se destacan el carácter indefinido de la categoría moderna de imperio, el problema de sus límites y el papel histórico de la modernidad extraeuropea. En realidad, fueron dos debates sucesivos. Robinson y Gallagher respondían al fin del imperio británico y el auge de la hegemonía estadounidense; Platt a la América Latina revolucionaria y el discurso “dependentista”: capítulos y escenarios de la Guerra Fría
Imperialismo informal e independencia: los británicos y la apertura del comercio en el Río de la Plata (1808-1810)
Full text linkMediante el concepto de imperialismo informal, y revisando convenciones arraigadas, definimos aquí algunas causas externas del colapso del imperio español que se pueden vincular al fortalecimiento del poder británico (estructural, relacional y habilitador) en el Río de la Plata. Las estrategias de seguridad imperial británica relativas a Hispanoamérica durante las guerras napoleónicas están asociadas a la acción de redes aliadas y a la apertura comercial, vector de ese poder gracias a la protección de la Marina. La sinergia entre agentes que respondían al gobierno británico y actores más independientes emerge de la correspondencia oficial y semioficial sobre la disputa con el Virrey Cisneros, quien luego de abrir el comercioamenazó con expulsar a los británicos en vísperas de la Revolución de Mayo
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