1,720,961 research outputs found
Trade Skirmishes and Safeguards: A Theory of the WTO Dispute Settlement Process
No full textI model the World Trade Organization as an impartial arbitrator with no enforcement power which issues public signals correlated with the state of the world in the disputing countries. Such public signals, by mitigating the information asymmetry among the negotiating governments, make it easier to write an incentive-compatible agreement. The reciprocity principle embodied in the GATT Article XIX ensures an incentive compatible agreement by allowing occasional trade skirmishes. The WTO Safeguard Agreement, when supported with impartial arbitration, can improve political welfare by curbing trade skirmishes while keeping the incentive constraints in check. Impartial arbitration improves the enforceability of trade agreements without providing external enforcement.Economic
Essays on Institutions of International Trade
No full textThis dissertation is an economic analysis of the legal aspects of international trade institutions. In particular, I analyze the system of remedies, the role of a court for international trade disputes, and settlement bargaining in an international setting.
I find that an optimal system of remedies for breach of international trade agreements involves a less-than-commensurate compensation scheme. Therefore, I show that the award of expectation damages, which prescribes full compensation of the injured party and is usually used by domestic courts to promote efficient breach, is not an optimal rule in the context of international trade agreements.
I also investigate the role of an international court that provides no external enforcement. I model such a court as an impartial entity that investigates the state of the world and issues public signals regarding the prevailing contingency. I show that trading partners can maintain a higher level of cooperation when such a public signaling device is available. Moreover, I show that under certain conditions an international court can further enhance cooperation by taking a strategic bias in favor of protectionism.
I also analyze the bargaining process through which parties to a trade agreement try to settle their disputes without invoking the costly process of the court. In contrast to the findings of the literature on pretrial settlement bargaining in domestic legal systems, I find that the likelihood of settlement depends on the allocation of litigation costs between the disputing parties.
I highlight a specific dispute settlement pattern in the World Trade Organization (WTO) that has not been studied in the literature. In a dispute between a large country and a small country, an early settlement is less likely when the small country is the complaining party. Using the settlement bargaining model presented in this dissertation, I show that this pattern can be attributed to differences in litigation costs of different countries.
Finally, I conduct an empirical analysis of pretrial settlement bargaining in the WTO, and I find evidence in support of my theory. I also find that the existence of interested third-parties has a significantly positive effect on the likelihood of out-of-court settlement
Trade skirmishes safeguards: A theory of the WTO dispute settlement process
No full textI propose a framework within which to interpret and evaluate the major reforms introduced to the GATT system in its transition to the WTO. In particular, I examine the WTO Agreement on Safeguards that has amended the GATT escape clause (Article XIX), and the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) that resembles a court of law under the WTO. Using this framework, I interpret the weakening of the reciprocity principle under the Agreement on Safeguards as an attempt to reduce efficiency-reducing trade skirmishes. The DSB is interpreted as an impartial arbitrator that announces its opinion about the state of the world when a dispute arises among member countries. I demonstrate that the reforms in the GATT escape clause should be bundled with the introduction of the DSB, in order to maintain the incentive compatibility of trade agreements. The model implies that trade agreements under the WTO lead to fewer trade skirmishes but this effect does not necessarily result in higher payoffs to the governments. The model also implies that the introduction of the WTO court, which has no enforcement power, can improve the self-enforceability of trade agreements.Dispute settlement Safeguard Agreement Impartial arbitration
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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