1,720,983 research outputs found
Intergroup jealousy: Effects of perceived group characteristics and intrasexual competition between groups
No full textAn important aspect of intergroup conflict is competition for mates, especially among men. Because different outgroups pose different levels of threat, the group membership of rivals can be a characteristic that evokes jealousy. Outgroups perceived to pose greater threat to one’s mating resources should evoke more jealousy. Among Dutch students, we investigated the relationship between jealousy towards rivals of different ethnic groups and perceivedcharacteristics of these groups. We found that jealousy was especially high for rivals from outgroups that were perceived to have a tendency to engage in short-term mating (e.g., being attractive, promiscuous, and seductive), and to have a high status (e.g., being successful and confident). Men scored higher on a scale designed to assess intergroup intrasexual competition, and the higher men scored on this scale, the more they tended to derogate outgroup rivals. This effect was not found for women, underlining the higher salience of intergroup intrasexual competition for men
Why the Human Brain is not an Enlarged Chimpanzee Brain
No full textFollowing Darwin, many comparative psychologists assume that
the human mind is a kind of ape mind, differing only in degree from the extant apes – we call this the mental continuity assumption. However, the continuity principle in evolutionary theory does not posit continuity between extant closely related species, but between extant species and their extinct ancestors. Thus, it is possible that some human cognitive capacities
have no parallels in extant apes, but that they emerged in extinct hominid species after the human-chimpanzee divergence. Our examination of the case of social cognition from an archaeological and comparative psychological perspective suggests that the human brain is not simply an enlarged chimpanzee brain. Instead, natural selection seems to have
favoured a different social cognition in both species
The role of cognitive and affective empathy in altruistic motivation: an evolutionary approach
No full textThe moral sense is a quintessential part of human nature. As such, empathy is one of the most important instruments in the toolbox of the human mind. It is the trigger of altruistic motivation. However, from an evolutionary point of view, altruistic behaviour is costly. Kin altruism is worth the effort when it adds to the individual’s indirect fitness. In contrast, the benefit of altruistic behaviour towards strangers depends on the reciprocation of the other person. Helping a non-reciprocator lowers fitness. Therefore control mechanisms should be in place to fine-tune the amount of empathy displayed towards strangers, whereas this is less necessary for kin. I propose that two types of altruistic motivation occur. The first is primarily based on (maternal) attachment and affective empathy and is observed in many social mammals. The second depends on cognitive empathy and is only observed in primates and humans
In the search of inner worlds: are humans alone in the mental world of possible futures?
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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