1,721,019 research outputs found
Ethical Issues in Open-Label Placebo; A Systematic Qualitative Review
No full textPlacebo is key in modern clinical practice, whereby it is widely used as control experiment in multiple trials but also prescribed to patients by general medical practitioners. “A placebo is any inert substance, procedure, apparatus, or similar, that alone has no effect in the body. The placebo effect is the psychological and/or physiological response to the placebo when it is administrated with a suggestion that the substance, procedure, apparatus, or similar will have an effect in the individual.” (Flaten, M.A., al’Absi, M. (2013)).
Various ethical problems surround the usage of a Placebo whereas a prominent ethical issue is the fact and the act of deception; patients or control groups in clinical trials are mostly not aware that they receive an inert treatment and this has been debated as violation of informed consent and ‘left-over-behavior’ of outdated medical paternalism.
Consequently the so-called open-label placebo (OLP) was born. OLP refers to the administration of placebo treatment where the patient is aware that they are receiving a placebo and not an active medication. In recent years this concept has re-surfaced and is being investigated further for application into the medical field. However discussions about ethical concerns have not been systematically studied so far.
In this systematic qualitative review we will systematically search multiple databases and analyze relevant literature to identify key ethical issues surrounding OLP by applying the principle of Principlism. Principlism is a widely accepted ethical framework that uses four basic principles to guide decision making in healthcare: respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. An ethical issue is thought to occur when either 1) one or more principles have been disregarded or 2) when there is a clash between various ethical principles.
This systematic qualitative review aims to examine the ethical problems associated with the use and/or prescription of OLP in clinical practice and research. It is crucial that health care professionals and medical researchers have an in-depth understanding of potential ethical dilemmas in order to inform their decision-making process. The goal of this systematic review is to systematically evaluate the range of ethical problems encountered by stakeholders in the utilization of OLP
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Ethical Issues in Open-Label Placebo; A Systematic Qualitative Review
No full textPlacebo is key in modern clinical practice, whereby it is widely used as control experiment in multiple trials but also prescribed to patients by general medical practitioners. “A placebo is any inert substance, procedure, apparatus, or similar, that alone has no effect in the body. The placebo effect is the psychological and/or physiological response to the placebo when it is administrated with a suggestion that the substance, procedure, apparatus, or similar will have an effect in the individual.” (Flaten, M.A., al’Absi, M. (2013)).
Various ethical problems surround the usage of a Placebo whereas a prominent ethical issue is the fact and the act of deception; patients or control groups in clinical trials are mostly not aware that they receive an inert treatment and this has been debated as violation of informed consent and ‘left-over-behavior’ of outdated medical paternalism.
Consequently the so-called open-label placebo (OLP) was born. OLP refers to the administration of placebo treatment where the patient is aware that they are receiving a placebo and not an active medication. In recent years this concept has re-surfaced and is being investigated further for application into the medical field. However discussions about ethical concerns have not been systematically studied so far.
In this systematic qualitative review we will systematically search multiple databases and analyze relevant literature to identify key ethical issues surrounding OLP by applying the principle of Principlism. Principlism is a widely accepted ethical framework that uses four basic principles to guide decision making in healthcare: respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. An ethical issue is thought to occur when either 1) one or more principles have been disregarded or 2) when there is a clash between various ethical principles.
This systematic qualitative review aims to examine the ethical problems associated with the use and/or prescription of OLP in clinical practice and research. It is crucial that health care professionals and medical researchers have an in-depth understanding of potential ethical dilemmas in order to inform their decision-making process. The goal of this systematic review is to systematically evaluate the range of ethical problems encountered by stakeholders in the utilization of OLP
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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