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Optimisation of Modelling Methods for Traffic Pollution in Streets. TRAPOS
No full textThe TRAPOS (Optimisation of Modelling Methods for Traffic Pollution in Streets) Project was a European Research Network that had two main objectives:
1) To contribute to scientific achievements in the development and improvement of modelling tools used for the prediction of traffic pollution in urban streets through co-operative work.
2) To promote training-through-research, especially of young researchers, within the framework of high quality trans-national collaborative research projects
The project was in the framework of the European Commission’s Training and Mobility of Researchers Programme (TMR), was co-ordinated by the Danish National Environmental Research Institute (NERI) and ran from November 1997 until April 2001. This summary and available CD has been distributed to some researchers in Europe. Several of them suggested that others may be interested in the project and that led to this note and contact points.
The Network's participants represented universities, public research organisations and commercial consulting companies from several European countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom). Their fields of research covered several different aspects of air pollution modelling, such as: laboratory wind tunnel modelling, field measurements, dispersion modelling including computational fluid dynamics and the regulatory applications of models. The work within the TRAPOS Network was closely connected with many other European projects and research activities conducted by the participants. The interdisciplinary character of the co-operation among the participants represented diverse experience and working methods and this led to efficient utilisation of the results and scientific achievements.
Traffic pollution modelling is a very broad area and, to narrow the scope of the work within the Network, some principal research areas were identified as priorities:
• the traffic created turbulence and its influence on dispersion of pollutants in the street,
• the influence of thermal effects on flow modification within street canyons with special regard to low wind speed conditions,
• the sensitivity of the flow and turbulence characteristics to the architecture of the street and its surroundings,
• the fast chemical processes with special regard to NO-NO2 conversion,
• the dispersion and transformation processes of Respirable Suspended Particulate (RSP) matter.
Making use of the existing facilities and expertise of the participants, the activities contributing to the research objectives were:
• field measurements and analyses of data,
• laboratory (wind tunnel) measurements,
• model evaluation and inter-comparison.
The models in use within TRAPOS covered both simpler, parameterised models and more advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. Synergy in the work with different types of models ensured scientific quality and the practical applicability of the results.
Field measurements and wind-tunnel data were used for evaluation and improvement of mathematical models. Wind-tunnel models were also tested against data from field measurements. Results from CFD models were used to improve parameterisation of simpler semi-empirical models. Design of new field experiments and also wind-tunnel measurements were guided by results from mathematical modelling.
In order to facilitate the joint work a number of Working Groups were created to focus on each of several activities of the Network. These Working Groups, which were led by the young researchers, accepted the main responsibility for the organisation of the work within TRAPOS. Especially dedicated web-sites, with presentation of the results and conclusions, were established by these groups (http://www.dmu.dk/AtmosphericEnvironment/trapos/wg.htm).
Based on the achievements and conclusions provided by the Working Groups a CD was put together for distribution. This included:
Chapter 1 deals with the processes influencing dispersion in a street environment. Theoretical and experimental studies of these processes were the main subject of TRAPOS. Beside the more traditional aspects, such as the influence of the street architecture on the dispersion conditions, this chapter covers also some special phenomena, which have not been studied in such details previously. These include traffic produced turbulence and effects of surface heating.
Presentation and discussion of the different tools used within traffic pollution modelling is given in Chapter 2. This chapter covers the use of laboratory wind tunnels and the use of CFD modelling. An extensive CFD model evaluation study was conducted within TRAPOS. The data used for this evaluation study originated mainly from systematic wind tunnel experiments but field data were also used.
In Chapter 3 the application and evaluation of different modelling methodologies for a practical traffic pollution study is presented. This study, the so-called "Podbielski exercise", was initiated and conducted by German institutions but with a very active participation of TRAPOS.
A summary and overview of the TRAPOS Network and its achievements is given in Chapter 4.
The achievements of the TRAPOS project were frequently presented at several major Air Pollution conferences and published in the open literature. In March 2001 the Third International Conference on Urban Air Quality was held in Loutraki, Greece. This conference provided an excellent opportunity to present some the results of the Network to a broader community. The Extended Abstracts of presentations given by TRAPOS participants at this Conference are attached to this publication as Chapter 5.
The reference list of all papers published during TRAPOS is given in Chapter 6.
The Appendices provide organisational details of the Participants and the list of the Young Visiting Researchers employed by the network
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
A model evaluation protocol for urban scale flow and dispersion models
No full textThis paper reports on a comprehensive model evaluation protocol for urban scale flow and dispersion models that has been developed within the framework of the COST action 732 on Quality Assurance and Improvement of Micro-Scale Meteorological Models. It briefly discusses the different components forming model evaluation with particular emphasis on model validation and on the implementation of the protocol for a specific test case: the MUST (Mock Urban Setting Test) experiment. The protocol was first developed with building-resolving models in mind, but more traditional integral models have also been included. Currently the Action is finalising the MUST exercise results and will suggest the best approach for further model evaluation and for the standardization of CFD modelling practise for micro-scale meteorological applications
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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