772 research outputs found
Uncle Sam Needs that Extra Shovelful
No full textUncle Sam Needs that Extra Shovelful date: 1917-19 illustrator/author: F. Sindelar agency: U.S. Fuel Administration size: 71.1 x 50.8 cmhttps://digicom.bpl.lib.me.us/wwI_posters_hmfront/1000/thumbnail.jp
The effectiveness of interventions to treat severe acute malnutrition in young children: a systematic review
No full textSevere acute malnutrition (SAM) arises as a consequence of a sudden period of food shortage and is associated with loss of a person’s body fat and wasting of their skeletal muscle. Many of those affected are already undernourished and are often susceptible to disease. Infants and young children are the most vulnerable as they require extra nutrition for growth and development, have comparatively limited energy reserves and depend on others. Undernutrition can have drastic and wide-ranging consequences for the child’s development and survival in the short and long term. Despite efforts made to treat SAM through different interventions and programmes, it continues to cause unacceptably high levels of mortality and morbidity. Uncertainty remains as to the most effective methods to treat severe acute malnutrition in young children.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to treat infants and children aged < 5 years who have SAM.Data sourcesEight databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, CAB Abstracts Ovid, Bioline, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, EconLit EBSCO and The Cochrane Library) were searched to 2010. Bibliographies of included articles and grey literature sources were also searched. The project expert advisory group was asked to identify additional published and unpublished references.Review methodsPrior to the systematic review, a Delphi process involving international experts prioritised the research questions. Searches were conducted and two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for eligibility. Inclusion criteria were applied to the full texts of retrieved papers by one reviewer and checked independently by a second. Included studies were mapped to the research questions. Data extraction and quality assessment were undertaken by one reviewer and checked by a second reviewer. Differences in opinion were resolved through discussion at each stage. Studies were synthesised through a narrative review with tabulation of the results.ResultsA total of 8954 records were screened, 224 full-text articles were retrieved, and 74 articles (describing 68 studies) met the inclusion criteria and were mapped. No evidence focused on treatment of children with SAM who were human immunodeficiency virus sero-positive, and no good-quality or adequately reported studies assessed treatments for SAM among infants < 6 months old. One randomised controlled trial investigated fluid resuscitation solutions for shock, with none adequately treating shock. Children with acute diarrhoea benefited from the use of hypo-osmolar oral rehydration solution (H-ORS) compared with the standard World Health Organization-oral rehydration solution (WHO-ORS). WHO-ORS was not significantly different from rehydration solution for malnutrition (ReSoMal), but the safety of ReSoMal was uncertain. A rice-based ORS was more beneficial than glucose-based ORSs, and provision of zinc plus a WHO-ORS had a favourable impact on diarrhoea and need for ORS. Comparisons of different diets in children with persistent diarrhoea produced conflicting findings. For treating infection, comparison of amoxicillin with ceftriaxone during inpatient therapy, and routine provision of antibiotics for 7 days versus no antibiotics during outpatient therapy of uncomplicated SAM, found that neither had a significant effect on recovery at the end of follow-up. No evidence mapped to the next three questions on factors that affect sustainability of programmes, long-term survival and readmission rates, the clinical effectiveness of management strategies for treating children with comorbidities such as tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori infection and the factors that limit the full implementation of treatment programmes. Comparison of treatment for SAM in different settings showed that children receiving inpatient care appear to do as well as those in ambulatory or home settings on anthropometric measures and response time to treatment. Longer-term follow-up showed limited differences between the different settings. The majority of evidence on methods for correcting micronutrient deficiencies considered zinc supplements; however, trials were heterogeneous and a firm conclusion about zinc was not reached. There was limited evidence on either supplementary potassium or nicotinic acid (each produced some benefits), and nucleotides (not associated with benefits). Evidence was identified for four of the five remaining questions, but not assessed because of resource limitation.LimitationsThe systematic review focused on key questions prioritised through a Delphi study and, as a consequence, did not encompass all elements in the management of SAM. In focusing on evidence from controlled studies with the most rigorous designs that were published in the English language, the systematic review may have excluded other forms of evidence. The systematic review identified several limitations in the evidence base for assessing the effectiveness of interventions for treating young children with severe acute malnutrition, including a lack of studies assessing the different interventions; limited details of study methods used; short follow-up post intervention or discharge; and heterogeneity in participants, interventions, settings, and outcome measures affecting generalisability.ConclusionsFor many of the most highly ranked questions evidence was lacking or inconclusive. More research is needed on a range of topic areas concerning the treatment of infants and children with SAM. Further research is required on most aspects of the management of SAM in children < 5 years, including intravenous resuscitation regimens for shock, management of subgroups (e.g. infants < 6 months old, infants and children with SAM who are human immunodeficiency virus sero-positive) and on the use of antibiotics.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Technology Assessment programme.<br/
Replicated effects of sex and genotype on gene expression in human lymphoblastoid cell lines
No full textCopyright © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.The expression level for 15 887 transcripts in lymphoblastoid cell lines from 19 monozygotic twin pairs (10 male, 9 female) were analysed for the effects of genotype and sex. On an average, the effect of twin pairs explained 31% of the variance in normalized gene expression levels, consistent with previous broad sense heritability estimates. The effect of sex on gene expression levels was most noticeable on the X chromosome, which contained 15 of the 20 significantly differentially expressed genes. A high concordance was observed between the sex difference test statistics and surveys of genes escaping X chromosome inactivation. Notably, several autosomal genes showed significant differences in gene expression between the sexes despite much of the cellular environment differences being effectively removed in the cell lines. A publicly available gene expression data set from the CEPH families was used to validate the results. The heritability of gene expression levels as estimated from the two data sets showed a highly significant positive correlation, particularly when both estimates were close to one and thus had the smallest standard error. There was a large concordance between the genes significantly differentially expressed between the sexes in the two data sets. Analysis of the variability of probe binding intensities within a probe set indicated that results are robust to the possible presence of polymorphisms in the target sequences.Allan F. McRae, Nicholas A. Matigian, Lata Vadlamudi, John C. Mulley, Bryan Mowry, Nicholas G. Martin, Sam F. Berkovic, Nicholas K. Hayward and Peter M. Vissche
Biography of Hitsuji Chuman
No full textA biography of Hitsuji Chuman.The Chuman (Hayao "Sam" and Toshiko) Papers documents the World War II experiences of Hayao "Sam" and Toshiko Chuman, who were Kibei Nisei born in the United States but grew up and completed school in Japan, and then returned to the U.S. prior to the war. It chronicles the Chuman's incarceration from the Santa Anita Assembly Center, through Jerome, Rohwer, Tule Lake camps, and the Santa Fe and Crystal City internment camps as well as their struggle for restoring their U.S. citizenships in the 1960s. The digital collection consists of mostly textual material, including correspondence, affidavits, incarceration camp records, lease agreements, financial documents, receipts, pamphlets, and booklets
Rockerville CCC Camp F-10, Company 1794 - Sam Lamb, forestry foreman
No full textCaption: "#12b, Summer 1933. Author: E. H. Mason. Sam Lamb Forestry foreman.
The Ark Narrative(s) of 1 Sam *4:1b–7:1 / 2 Sam 6* between Philistia, Jerusalem, and Assyria: A New Approach for a Historical Contextualization and Literary-Historical Classification
No full textThe article addresses questions concerning the literary-historical classification and historical dimension tangible behind the Journey of the Ark established in the narrative of 1 Sam 5:1–7:1, 2a: What role does the itinerary play for the Ark’s larger function in the narrative and how does the possible, but highly controversial connection with 2 Sam 6 come into play? A second aspect of inquiry is functionally related to the first: Why are the Philistines introduced in connection with the Ark Narrative as—at least within the narrative itself—the “primary nemesis of Israel”? Their existence and threat to Israel guide the fate of Saul and David, beginning in 1 Sam 4 and lasting until the latter emerges victorious in 2 Sam 5:17–25. Alongside the literary-historical reappraisal of the issue, a particular cultural-historical and religio-political background of the narrative is explored that has rarely been undertaken in this context. In the view of the author, this aspect constitutes a central element within the Ark’s journey that critically influences both the fundamental dynamics of the narrative as well as its theological intention: the practice, well attested in ancient Near Eastern sources, of the deportation of cult statuary. Following these observations, the narrative in 1 Sam 4:1–7:1 (without the idol polemic in 1 Sam 5:3–5, 7b); 2 Sam 5:17–25; 6:1–19 is contextualized temporally and functionally as stemming from an origi-nal “catastrophe narrative” (“Katastrophenerzählung”, W.Dietrich) in 1 Sam 4* in the late-eighth and seventh centuries BCE with both anti-Assyrian and anti-Philistine inclinations
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PERSEPSI KARYAWAN NON MEDIS TENTANG KESEHATAN DAN KESELAMATAN KERJA DI RSUD DR SAM RATULANGI TONDANO
No full textFAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PERSEPSI KARYAWAN NON MEDIS TENTANG KESEHATAN DAN KESELAMATAN KERJA DI RSUD DR SAM RATULANGI TONDANO
Violetta Koesdianto1*, Sri Seprianto Maddusa2, Angela F. C. Kalesaran3
1,2,3Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Sam Ratulangi1,2,3
*Corresponding Author : [email protected]
ABSTRAK
Rumah sakit termasuk tempat kerja yang memiliki risiko tinggi terkena hingga terpapar penyakit ataupun kecelakaan kerja sehingga membutuhkan penerapan K3RS. Persepsi merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi perilaku seseorang, sehingga persepsi seseorang terhadap K3 sangat penting serta berpengaruh dalam membentuk perilaku kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja yang baik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui mengenai faktor – faktor yang berhubungan dengan persepsi karyawan non medis mengenai kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Dr Sam Ratulangi Tondano. Jenis penelitian ini yaitu kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian deskpriptif analitik. Penelitian ini memakai pendekatan cross sectional study. Hasil penelitian dengan uji chi square diperoleh nilai p = 0,016 pada faktor pengetahuan, nilai p = 0,279 pada faktor pengalaman, dan nilai p = 0,000 pada faktor lingkungan kerja. Dapat disimpulkan ada hubungan antara pengetahuan serta lingkungan kerja dengan persepsi karyawan non medis tentang K3RS namun tidak ada hubungan antara pengalaman dengan persepsi karyawan non medis tentang K3RS
Environmental and Parental Influences on Offspring Health and Growth in Great Tits (Parus major)
No full textPMCID: PMC3728352This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
The chain rule for F-differentiation
No full textLet X be a perfect, compact subset of the complex
plane, and let D(1)(X) denote the (complex) algebra of continuously
complex-differentiable functions on X. Then D(1)(X) is a normed
algebra of functions but, in some cases, fails to be a Banach function algebra. Bland and the second author ([3]) investigated the
completion of the algebra D(1)(X), for certain sets X and collections F of paths in X, by considering F-differentiable functions on
X.
In this paper, we investigate composition, the chain rule, and
the quotient rule for this notion of differentiability. We give an
example where the chain rule fails, and give a number of sufficient
conditions for the chain rule to hold. Where the chain rule holds,
we observe that the Fa´a di Bruno formula for higher derivatives is
valid, and this allows us to give some results on homomorphisms
between certain algebras of F-differentiable functions
The chain rule for F-differentiation
No full textLet X be a perfect, compact subset of the complex plane, and let D (1)(X) denote the (complex) algebra of continuously complex-differentiable functions on X. Then D(1)(X) is a normed algebra of functions but, in some cases, fails to be a Banach function algebra. Bland and the second author investigated the completion of the algebra D(1)(X), for certain sets X and collections F of paths in X, by considering F-differentiable functions on X.
In this paper, we investigate composition, the chain rule, and the quotient rule for this notion of differentiability. We give an example where the chain rule fails, and give a number of sufficient conditions for the chain rule to hold. Where the chain rule holds, we observe that the Fa a di Bruno formula for higher derivatives is valid, and this allows us to give some results on homomorphisms between certain algebras of F-differentiable functions
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