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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Untersuchungen zum Einfluss des Transkriptionsfaktors SpoVG auf die Biofilmbildung in vitro und in vivo von Staphylococcus epidermidis
Get PDFStaphylococcus epidermidis ist als Erreger Fremdkörper-assoziierter Infektionen in der Humanmedizin von großer Bedeutung. Eine seiner wichtigsten Virulenz-Eigenschaften ist die Fähigkeit, auf nahezu jeder Oberfläche mehrschichtige Biofilme ausbilden zu können, einschließlich Zentraler oder Peripherer Venenkatheter und Gelenkprothesen. Ein grundlegendes Verständnis der molekularen Mechanismen der Biofilmbildung ist für die Prävention Fremdkörper-assoziierter Infektionen und für die Entwicklung neuer Therapien unerlässlich. Der σB-abhängige Transkriptionsfaktor SpoVG (stage V sporulation protein G) ist Teil des komplexen Regulationssystems der Biofilmbildung in Staphylococcus epidermidis und ist ein Aktivator der Biofilmbildung in dieser Spezies. Außerdem wurde eine positive Wirkung von SpoVG auf die Biosynthese des Exopolysaccharids PIA (polysaccharide intercellular adhesin) beschrieben, einem wesentlichen Bestandteil der extrazellulären Biofilmmatrix dieser Spezies.
In den Versuchen dieser Arbeit wurde das Staphylococcus epidermidis Isolat 1457 eingesetzt. Eine beschriebene 1457 spoVG-Deletionsmutante stand bereits zur Verfügung und deren neu generierter cis-komplementierter spoVG+ Stamm wurde als erster Schritt dieser Arbeit mittels Transkriptionsanalysen erfolgreich identifiziert. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass SpoVG unter einer Vielzahl von Bedingungen als Aktivator der in vitro Biofilmbildung dient. Sowohl unter dynamischen Bedingungen in Glasröhrchen als auch unter statischen Bedingungen in 96 well Flachboden-Platten verlor die 1457 spoVG-Deletionsmutante die Fähigkeit zur Biofilmbildung signifikant, im letzten Fall in einem vergleichbaren Ausmaß wie die als Biofilm-negativ beschriebene PIA-negative Mutante 1457-M10. Insbesondere führte die Deletion von spoVG zu einer reduzierten Biofilmbildung auf Polyurethan-basierten Katheterfragmenten in vitro. SpoVG beeinflusst sowohl die Transkription des icaADBC-Operons, welches die zur PIA-Synthese nötigen Enzyme codiert, als auch die Transkription des icaADBC-spezifischen Repressor-Gens icaR. Dies legt nahe, dass SpoVG seinen Einfluss auf die Biofilmbildung auf transkriptioneller Ebene durch Beeinflussung des ica Gen-Clusters ausübt.
Um den Einfluss von SpoVG auf die Infektiosität in vivo zu untersuchen, wurde ein murines Fremdkörper-assoziiertes Infektionsmodell für Staphylococcus epidermidis 1457 etabliert, wobei Polyurethan-basierte Katheterfragmente in die Subkutis implantiert und entsprechend inokuliert wurden. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass SpoVG keine gravierende Auswirkung auf die Biofilmbildung unter in vivo Bedingungen besitzt, da die bakteriellen Lasten sowohl auf den implantierten Katheterfragmenten als auch in den Proben des umliegenden Gewebes in allen Infektionsgruppen vergleichbar waren. Die in diesem Tiermodell generierten Befunde legen nahe, dass die Synthese von PIA in diesem in vivo Modell keine wesentliche Rolle spielt oder in vivo nicht wesentlich von SpoVG beeinflusst wird. Zugleich zeigen diese Tierversuche aber auf, dass SpoVG in signifikantem Maße zur Entwicklung eines periimplantären Ödems beiträgt sowie die Konzentration von pro-inflammatorischen Zytokinen wie Tumornekrosefaktor an der Infektionsstelle erhöht und folglich die Immunantwort des Wirtes moduliert. Zusammengefasst konnte gezeigt werden, dass SpoVG eine bedeutende Rolle für die Biofilmbildung von Staphylococcus epidermidis unter in vitro Bedingungen spielt, wohingegen es für die Biofilmbildung unter den hier gewählten in vivo Bedingungen unwesentlich zu sein scheint.Staphylococcus epidermidis as a causal agent of foreign body related infections is of great importance in human medicine. Its capacity to form multilayered biofilms on nearly any surface – including central or peripheral venous catheter and joint prosthesis – is considered to be a major virulence characteristic of this bacterium. A fundamental understanding of the molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation is crucial for the prevention of foreign body related infections and the development of new treatments. The σB-dependent transcription factor SpoVG (stage V sporulation protein G) forms part of the complex regulatory system controlling biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis and is an activator of biofilm formation in this species. In addition, SpoVG has been described to positively affect the biosynthesis of the exopolysaccharide PIA (polysaccharide intercellular adhesin) which is a major component of the extracellular matrix in biofilms of this species.
The Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate 1457 was used in the experiments of this dissertation. A described 1457 spoVG deletion mutant was already available and its newly generated cis complemented spoVG+ strain was successfully identified via transcription analysis as first step of this work. The results of the present work show that SpoVG acts as an activator of the in vitro biofilm formation under a variety of conditions. The 1457 spoVG deletion mutant lost its capacity to form biofilms significantly under dynamic conditions in glass tubes as well as under static conditions in 96 well flat-bottom plates, in the latter condition to a comparable extent as the as biofilm-negative described PIA-negative mutant 1457-M10. Notably, the deletion of spoVG led to a reduced biofilm formation on polyurethane-based catheter fragments in vitro. SpoVG has an impact on the transcription of the icaADBC operon encoding for the enzymes required for PIA synthesis as well as it affects the transcription of the icaADBC specific repressor gene icaR. This indicates that SpoVG exerts its influence on biofilm formation at the transcriptional level by influencing the ica gene cluster.
To investigate the impact of SpoVG on the in vivo infectivity, a murine foreign body related infection model was established for Staphylococcus epidermidis 1457, in which polyurethane-based catheter fragments were implanted into the subcutis and inoculated respectively. The results indicate that SpoVG has no major effect on the in vivo biofilm formation, as the bacterial loads on the catheter tubings and surrounding tissues were comparable in all infection groups. These findings suggest that the synthesis of PIA does not play an essential role in the in vivo model chosen here or that SpoVG does not exert a major effect on PIA synthesis in vivo. Nevertheless, SpoVG contributed substantially to the development of peri-implantation edema and increased the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor at the infection site suggesting that SpoVG modulates the host immune response. In summary, it could be shown that SpoVG plays an important role for the biofilm formation capacity of Staphylococcus epidermidis under in vitro conditions, whereas it appears to be dispensable for the biofilm formation under the experimental in vivo conditions chosen here
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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