1,720,997 research outputs found
The anterior bias in visual art: The case of images of animals
No full textComposition is an important topic in visual art. The literature suggests a bias for objects on the right side (Levy, 1976) and two additional biases with respect to positioning of objects within a rectangular frame: a Centre bias and an Inward bias (Palmer, Gardner, & Wickens, 2008). We analysed images of animals from three datasets of works of art: two datasets were from artists well known for their portraits of animals (Bewick, Stubbs) and the third was a medieval bestiary. There was no overall displacement of the subject to the right or to the left of the picture. However, we found a bias consisting of more space in front compared to behind the animal, consistent with Palmer at al.'s findings and with their definition of an Inward bias. Because our animals never face towards the centre we use the term Anterior bias. In addition, we found a modulation of this bias on the basis of the facing direction of the animal, consisting of a stronger Anterior bias for left-facing animals. This asymmetry may originate from a combination of an Anterior bias and a Right bias. Finally, with respect to size we found that the size of the animals predicted the proportion of the picture occupied, an effect known as "canonical size". © 2011 Psychology Press
Attractiveness is influenced by the relationship between postures of the viewer and the viewed person
Full text linkMany factors influence physical attractiveness, including degree of symmetry and relative length of legs. We asked a sample of 112 young adults to rate the attractiveness of computer-generated female bodies that varied in terms of symmetry and leg-to-body ratio. These effects were confirmed. However, we also varied whether the person in the image was shown sitting or standing. Half of the participants were tested standing and the other half sitting. The difference in the posture of the participants increased the perceived attractiveness of the images sharing the same posture, despite the fact that participants were unaware that their posture was relevant for the experiment. We conclude that our findings extend the role of embodied simulation in social cognition to perception of attractiveness from static images. © 2013 M Bertamini, C Byrne, K M Bennett
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Journeying Beyond Clinical Boundaries: Pragmatic patient-centric research into Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease (ChILD)
Full text linkAbstract
Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease (chILD) is a set of rare diseases (RDs) that encompasses an array of rare respiratory disorders that impact the lung interstitium in children and young adults (CYAs). While Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) is more commonly recognised as affecting adults, there are rare instances where CYAs may develop ILD. Due to its rarity and chILD being a relatively newly explored area of ILD, more research is needed on the psychosocial impact of living with a child.
This thesis had two main aims. The first was to explore the chILD research landscape to help provide a baseline of understanding of how chILD research is being conducted and to understand the needs and preferences of CYAs and their parent caregivers when participating in clinical research. The second aim was to explore the lived experiences of chILD in three different scenarios: a health event (COVID-19), an unexplored symptom of chILD (fatigue), and service provision (paediatric to adult transition services). Five studies using a mixed-methods approach were conducted: one systematic review, one quantitative study, and three qualitative studies. Due to chILD being rare in hospital clinic settings, this thesis used a non-clinical population recruitment strategy by recruiting CYAs and their parent caregivers from UK-based chILD patient organisations and chILD online communities.
Two Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) focused studies fulfilled the first aim. The first was a systematic review employing a unique approach using Clinical Trial identifiers as key search terms and applying the GRIPP2-SF framework to identify how PPI is acknowledged in clinical literature. Of 42 published articles, 9.5% (n = 4) included PPI mention, distributed across the Methods and Acknowledgment sections. While one mention provided a comprehensive PPI statement, others used a generic format. This study highlighted the continued challenges in reporting PPI representation, with potential limitations linked to authors' and publishers' non-mandatory nature of PPI reporting. The outcomes contribute to the academic discourse on paediatric respiratory health and provide practical implications for refining PPI strategies in similar clinical studies investigating PPI usage. The second study aimed to understand the perspectives of clinical research in 33 young people (aged 6 to 17) with a rare paediatric respiratory condition and their parents through a child-parent dyad survey. Results revealed that parents were more open to their children participating in clinical research compared to their children (p = .007). Preferences varied, with parents expressing less inclination for research involving untested medicines and surgery, whereas young people showed less preference for research involving untested medication, surgery, venepuncture and sharing of experiences. These novel findings suggest a potential disconnect between young people's needs and opinions and parents' preferences for clinical research. The study recommended enhanced communication of clinical research opportunities, and the role of an independent advocate for CYAs is to ensure representation of the CYA ‘voice’.
The second aim of lived experience included three qualitative studies examining differing chILD perspectives: a global health event, a chILD symptom and a healthcare service. The first was a longitudinal study exploring COVID-19 and chILD (n = 8). Interviews in two timeframes captured experiences, coping mechanisms, and evolving perceptions, revealing themes of uncertainty and adaptation. The study contributes unique insights into the challenges individuals with rare diseases face during a global pandemic, emphasising the importance of caregiver traits and resilience in positive adaptation. The second qualitative study examined the complex phenomenon of fatigue in those with chILD. The research delved into the communication, symptoms, and impact of fatigue of 15 participants, uncovering three main themes: the experience of fatigue, its consequences on education and quality of life, and motivational strategies for managing fatigue. The findings highlight the multi-dimensional nature of fatigue in chILD, emphasising the need to discuss fatigue in clinical settings to assess its impact on quality of life. The final qualitative study investigated the experience of seven young people and parents in the UK transitioning from paediatric to adult healthcare services for chILD. Participants shared insights into the lack of transition preparation, challenges in adapting to adult services, and the role of parents as advocates. The study underscored the need for improved transition processes and offered recommendations for enhancing support and education for young people and parents entering this crucial phase.
To interconnect these studies, a Grounded Theory of chILD is presented. The theory accounts for the experience of the parent and the child and a process of adaptation to varying life events identified within the thesis. The theory aligns with Uncertainty of Illness theory (Mishel, 1988) whereby a process of appraisal (of life challenges/events), uncertainty, and the availability of supportive care needs (information, psychological and emotional, and social needs), and coping traits identified within the thesis support adaptation. Areas for further exploration and recommendations are provided to build on this chILD theory.
This thesis highlights how CYAs and parent caregivers can contribute valuable insights into their healthcare experiences, ultimately enhancing the care provided for chILD and RD’s. Collecting their ‘voice’ of novel data and insights results in 1) the amplification of their unique voice in healthcare and policy discussions, 2) presenting patient-centred recommendations to help support the chILD research agenda, and 3) promoting a structured patient engagement framework, enabling meaningful involvement of chILD CYAs and parent caregivers in their healthcare decision-making processes
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