938 research outputs found
Healthcare Activism, Marketization, and the Collective Good
No full textThis chapter engages with three key dynamics of contemporary healthcare - digitalization, marketization and individualization. It draws on several theoretical frameworks to conceptualize the notion of collective good and to consider how healthcare activism may play into defining and defending the collective good when faced with the outlined societal, economic, and scientific dynamics. Presenting contemporary examples from the Covid-19 pandemic, the chapter argues that the way activists define and defend the collective good can only fully be understood by grasping how this good is shaped by other, often more dominant, stakeholders in healthcare: governmental institutions, professional experts, scientists, and private industry – the latter being a focal point of concern for this current volume.European Commission Horizon 2020Check for published version during checkdate report - AC2021-04-28 JG: PDF replaced at author's request2021-06-04 JG: embargo removed following documentation from author/publishe
Concurrency Semantics for the Geiger-Paz-Pearl Axioms of Independence
No full textIndependence between two sets of random variables is a well-known relation in probability theory. Its origins trace back to Abraham de Moivre's work in the 18th century. The propositional theory of this relation was axiomatized by Geiger, Paz, and Pearl.
Sutherland introduced a relation in information flow theory that later became known as "nondeducibility." Subsequently, the first two authors generalized this relation from a relation between two arguments to a relation between two sets of arguments and proved that it is completely described by essentially the same axioms as independence in probability theory.
This paper considers a non-interference relation between two groups of concurrent processes sharing common resources. Two such groups are called non-interfering if, when executed concurrently, the only way for them to reach deadlock is for one of the groups to deadlock internally. The paper shows that a complete axiomatization of this relation is given by the same Geiger-Paz-Pearl axioms
Optical communications with a Geiger mode APD array
No full textThesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2016.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (pages 47-48).In this thesis, I evaluated the theoretical and practical performance of a Geiger mode avalanche photodiode (GM-APD, or Geiger mode APD) array for use in optical communications systems. I designed and implemented a test pattern generator, capable of producing waveforms with OOK and PPM modulations at a variety of symbol rates and duty cycles. Using this pattern generator, I tested the receiver properties over a wide range of data rates and illumination levels, and was able to demonstrate the capability for error-free communications in both modulation formats, up to 78.8 Mbps at a sensitivity of 1.8 photons per bit for OOK, and 34.9 Mbps at 2 photons per bit for PPM.by Benjamin William Horkley.M. Eng
When the Robots (try to) Take Over: Of Artificial Intelligence, Authors, Creativity and Copyright Protection
No full textAs works are increasingly produced by machines using artificial intelligence (AI) systems, with a result often difficult to distinguish from that of a human creator, the question of what should be the appropriate response of the legal system and, in particular, of the copyright system has become central. If the creative input of the author has traditionally been the generator of copyright protection, AI forces to reassess what in the creative process is special in human creativity and where the creative input lies in AI-generated works. But it also poses more fundamental questions on what the copyright system should achieve and who/what it should protect. In particular, as many human authors will potentially face the competition of these AI machines on the market, new ways of remunerating human creators have to be imagined while making sure that the copyright system does not stand in the way of these important technological developments.
This contribution analyses the copyright issues related to so-called “generative AI” systems and reviews the arguments currently advanced to change the copyright regime for AI-generated works. It is argued that the copyrightability of AI-generated outputs should be considered with outmost care and only when AI is used as a technical tool for creators in their creation process- meaning when they can serve a human author. At the same time, AI systems are here to stay, and their development should not be inhibited as they can have many beneficial aspects (including for creators) if appropriately regulated. For this reason, it is proposed that the machine learning process using copyright-protected works to train the AI gives rise to a limitation-based remuneration right to the benefit of human creators.
More generally, it is argued that for the EU to continue to be a vibrant place for culture and creativity, (finally) cherishing and putting the Human Author at the center of the copyright system is necessary (and not only to built-up protection/fences to the benefit of copyright industries). In doing so, we might be able to have in the future AI-robots that serve creators and creativity, and not the other way around
Benno Geiger, umanista mitteleuropeo. Il carteggio con Stefan Zweig
No full textThis article outlines the development of work in progress on the Austrian author Benno Geiger. Mostly forgotten in the field of German studies, Geiger is better known for his writings as an art critic and his translations of Dante, Petrarch and Pascoli than for his compositions as a poet. However, in the decades that followed the Jahrhundertwende, he was a cultural benchmark for an entire generation of artists and intellectuals. In particular, this project focuses on his friendship with Stefan Zweig, which is well documented by a long and intense correspondence (from 1904 to 1939). Both of them see the question of Europeanism in a new light, still to be appraised
Elaborating a Human Rights friendly Copyright Framework for Generative AI
No full textAs works are increasingly produced by machines using artificial intelligence (AI) systems, with a result that is often difficult to distinguish from that of a human creator, the question of what should be the appropriate response of the legal system and, in particular, of the copyright system has become central. If the generator of copyright protection has traditionally been the author’s creative input, AI forces us to reassess what in the creative process is special in human creativity and where the creative input lies in AI-generated works. But it also poses more fundamental questions on what the copyright system should achieve and who/what it should protect. In particular, since many human authors will potentially face the competition of these AI machines on the market, new ways of remunerating creators will have to be imagined while making sure that the copyright system does not stand in the way of these important technological developments.
This contribution analyses the copyright issues related to so-called “generative AI” systems and reviews the arguments currently being advanced to change the copyright regime for AI-generated works. To do so, the underlying human rights framing intellectual property laws are used as the starting point from which a balanced copyright framework for generative AI could (and even should) be derived. It follows from the applicable human rights framework for copyright, but also from the anthropocentric approach of human rights, that the protection of creators and human creativity must be considered the point of reference when assessing future reforms with regard to copyright and generative AI systems. This approach establishes generative AI systems as an instrument of the human creator – and not as a substitute. It also reinforces the notion that copyright should be a tool to protect creativity and creators, not a legal mechanism to secure the amortization of economic investments in AI technology. As a consequence, it is argued that the copyrightability of AI-generated outputs should be considered with utmost care and only when AI is used as a technical tool for creators in their creation process – in other words, when they can serve a human author. At the same time, AI systems are here to stay, and their development should not be inhibited, as they can have many beneficial aspects (including for creators) if appropriately regulated.
The right to train generative AI systems via machine learning technology can be derived from the right to science and culture and freedom of (artistic) expression (Arts. 19 and 27(1) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); Art. 15(1)(a) and (b) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); Arts. 11 and 13 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EUCFR)), as AI can lead to useful advances in science and the arts; moreover, it is important for human creators to be able to use outputs produced by generative AI in their creative process. This grounding is even stronger when the training is conducted for research purposes, as the training process can then also benefit from the fundamental right-to-research justification. However, since a large quantity of copyrighted works is required for the training of generative AI systems, a remuneration obligation for these uses arises from a human rights perspective, in particular when AI systems have a commercial purpose. It follows from the right to the protection of the creator’s moral and material interests (Arts. 27(2) and 17 UDHR, 15(1)(c) ICESCR; 17(2) EUCFR, 1 Protocol No. 1, 8 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)) that authors must be adequately remunerated for the commercial use of their works unless there is a strong justification legitimizing the use. For this reason, it is proposed that the machine learning process using copyright-protected works to train the AI gives rise to a limitation-based remuneration right to the benefit of human creators. The article also briefly explores if and when the moral interest of creators deriving from human rights protection could justify their opposition to the use of their work for the purpose of training AI systems. It is argued that the weaker the fundamental rights claim to train the AI is, the stronger the moral rights claim could be. For example, training an AI to produce works for discriminatory or racist purposes will benefit from a weaker (if any) fundamental rights protection, but will potentially raise important moral concerns of the author of the work used for training purposes.
More generally, the article concludes that in order to secure a vibrant space for culture and creativity, (finally) cherishing and putting the Human Author at the center of the copyright system is necessary (and not only to erect fences to the benefit of copyright industries, which could be the unfortunate result of the recent first broad regulatory intervention on AI by the EU, the so-called “Artificial Intelligence Act”). In doing so, it might be possible in the future to have AI-systems that serve creators and creativity, and not the other way around
Development of InGaAs/AlGaAsSb Geiger mode Avalanche Photodiodes: Dataset and Figures
No full textDatasets of the figures found in the manuscript "Development of InGaAs/AlGaAsSb Geiger mode Avalanche Photodiodes"Files in this repository correspond to the results in "Development of InGaAs/AlGaAsSb Geiger mode Avalanche Photodiodes" submitted to IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.The figure files contain the graphical figures (.png) found within the manuscript and the data (.csv) require to replicate the figures. Manuscript Abstract:Near-infrared linear mode Al0.85Ga0.15As0.56Sb0.44 avalanche photodiodes (APDs) exhibit excellent temperature stability, potentially simplifying Geiger mode operation. We have carried out the first experimental evaluation of In0.53Ga0.47As/Al0.85Ga0.15As0.56Sb0.44 APDs in Geiger mode. Characterization on multiple devices included temperature-dependent dark current, avalanche multiplication, dark count rate (DCR), afterpulsing, and single photon detection efficiency (SPDE). The temperature coefficient of breakdown voltage extracted from avalanche multiplication data was 13.5 mV.K−1, much lower than InGaAs/InP Geiger mode APDs, reducing changes in operation voltage and offering possible protection from high optical power thermal attack in communication systems. At 200 K, SPDE were 5%–16% with DCR of 1–20 Mc·s−1, comparable to InAlAs and early InP-based Single Photon APDs. The afterpulsing at 200 K was negligible for hold-off time >50 µs (reducing to 5 µs at 250 K). These are similar to the performance of InGaAs/InAlAs and some InGaAs/InP Geiger mode APDs. </p
The Vikings in the North Atlantic: The Rise and Fall of the Greenland Colony
No full textAbout the Author
Caitlyn Floyd Geiger graduated with a B.A. in History from Armstrong State University in December of 2016. Her main research interests are military history and archaeological studies. She hopes to use the knowledge and skills she has gained in college to further her career as a fiction writer
Sinezona singeri Geiger, 2006, new species
No full text<i>Sinezona singeri</i> new species: Figure 14–16 <p> <b>Type material</b>. Holotype SBMNH 359439, ex DLG 101. Figure 14 A. Paratype SBMNH 359440, 1, ex DLG 101, from type locality. Figure 14 B.</p> <p> <b>Type locality</b>. Intertidal, Blue Hole, Dahab, Janub Sina, Egypt, 28.483°N, 34.533°E. Leg. B. Singer Oct. 1990.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>. Named for Benjamin (Solly) Singer, of Rehovot, Israel, the collector of the type material, for his continuing contributions to Red Sea malacology and in recognition of his service to the malacological community at large, particularly that of Israel.</p> <p> <b>Description</b>. Shell mediums size (1.6 mm = holotype, paratype), trochiform depressed. Protoconch of 0.75 whorls, smooth, apertural varix connected to embryonic cap, apertural margin deeply sinusoid. Teleoconch I of approximately 1.125 whorls, 12–13 distinct axial cords, interstices filled with fine irregular axials, no spirals. Teleoconch II of 1.33 whorls. Shoulder slightly convex, approximately 23–26 fine axials opn first whorl, approximately half as strong as axials on teleoconch I, interstices with finest growth lines; approximately a dozen somewhat irregularly spaced fine spirals forming barely noticeable points at intersection with axials. Base with strong constriction below selenizone, then inflated; 21–26 axials starting as thin thread on keels of selenizone, becoming strong elevated costae at periphery, thinning out to threads towards transition to umbilicus; approximately 20 finer spirals, becoming stronger from selenizone towards umbilicus, running over axials; no keels. Umbilicus open, wide, bordered by spiral cord towards base, walls smooth. Selenizone above periphery, keels moderately elevated, moderately strong, strong growth lamellae; foramen narrow treadrop­shaped, extending approximately 0.16 whorl. Aperture rounded, roof strongly overhanging.</p> <p>Radula rhipidoglossate. Rachidian tooth triangular, seven denticles on cusp, central one largest, parallel to radular ribbon. Lateral teeth 1–3 similar, three denticles on outer margin. Lateral tooth 4 reduced, hook shaped, with three minute points at cusp. Lateral tooth 5 broadened enlarged, approximately five denticles on inner margin. Radular interlock of central field moderate. Inner marginal teeth with spoon shaped cusp with three to four denticles on each side; outer marginals spoon shaped, with many fine denticles on cusp.</p> <p> <b>Differential diagnosis</b>. <i>Sukashitrochus dorbignyi</i> (Audouin, 1826) and <i>Suk. tricarinatus</i> (Yaron, 1983) from the Red Sea share the closed foramen, but show distinct spiral keels on the base. <i>Scissurella rota</i> Yaron, 1983 from the Red Sea has an open slit, fewer spirals on the base that form pronounced hollow points at the intersection whith the axials, and has a protoconch with fine axial sculpture. <i>Scissurella reticulata</i> Philippi, 1853 and <i>Sci.</i> <i>sudanica</i> Bandel, 1998 have an open slit, a less pronounced constriction below the selenizone, and a protoconch with fine axial sculpture. The species is superficially most similar to <i>Sci. hoernesi</i> Semper, 1865 from the Indo­Malayan Archipelago, which however has an open slit and stronger axial sculpture on the shoulder that maintains its strength on teleoconch I and II.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>. Red Sea to Mascarene Islands, western Indian Ocean.</p> <p> <b>Specimen records</b>. 0–3 m, Baye de Ranobe, near Mora Mora, N of Tulear, Toliara Province, Madagascar, 23.083°S, 43.500°E (LACM 89–50, 1). Mayotte, E. reef Bandele, France, 12.902°S, 45.252°E (MNHN, 4). 520–830 m, Mayotte, E. Bandele reef, France, 12.897°S, 45.270°E (MNHN, 1). 1300–1480 m, Mayotte, E. Bandele reef, France, 12.933°S, 45.300°E (MNHN, 1). 500 m, Mayotte, E Bandele reef, France, 12.895°S, 45.268°E (MNHN, 3). 1300–1480 m, Mayotte, E Bandele reef, France, 12.933°S, 45.303°E (MNHN, 1). 330–530 m, Glorieuses, N. Ile du Lys, 11.440°S, 47.372°E (MNHN, 1). 170–225 m, Reunion Island, 21.083°S, 55.200°E (MNHN, 4; MNHN, 2).</p>Published as part of <i>Geiger, Daniel L., 2006, Eight new species of Scissurellidae and Anatomidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) from around the world, with discussion of two new senior synonyms, pp. 1-33 in Zootaxa 1128</i> on pages 19-22, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/273358">10.5281/zenodo.273358</a>
Towards a European 'Fair Use' Grounded in Freedom of Expression
No full textIt is often claimed that an open-ended provision for copyright limitations such as the US fair use clause would be unfit for civil law countries because of their author-centered traditions of copyright law and their traditional skepticism towards “judge made law” encouraged by open norms. However, the rising application in those countries of fundamental rights by the judiciary to solve copyright cases (mainly based on freedom of expression and information) and the balancing of interests it requires resemble in many aspects the practice of common law jurisdictions and the weighing of factors typically done in the context of a fair use analysis. As a consequence, this article argues that some sort of “fair use” is already a reality in Europe; therefore, the debate should shift from the question of the compatibility of an open-ended copyright limitation with the European legal system to the question on how to draft a “fair use” provision that would better fit the European legal tradition. In order to do so, the paper analyses in detail the judicial application of the freedom of expression’s test of proportionality to IP disputes. It further demonstrates that, by providing for a developed list of fairness factors analogous to those of the US fair use, the courts have developed appropriate and functioning criteria to assess the legality of a copyright use, which, once systematized, could serve as a European open-ended copyright limitation. Since in Europe a clause analogous in openness and flexibility to the US fair use provision is lacking, the article advocates the legislative incorporation of an open-ended clause grounded in freedom of expression in EU copyright law in order to enhance clarity, transparency and legal security, and concludes with a drafting proposal for such a provision
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