1,720,953 research outputs found
Tracking evolutionary dynamics within the fungal wheat pathogen "Zymoseptoria tritici"
Full text linkThesis committee
Prof. Daniel Croll, thesis director, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Prof. Sergio Rasmann, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Prof. Laure Weisskopf, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
Private defense date 25.10.2022
Public defense date 01.02.2023
No thèse : 3016Français
Les champignons pathogènes sont de nature très diverse et peuvent poser de graves risques par le biais d'infections simples ou mixtes à la production alimentaire mondiale. Le contrôle des cultures est basé sur l'utilisation de produits chimiques synthétiques ainsi que la sélection de plantes résistantes. Cependant, les pathogènes fongiques des plantes surmontent rapidement les deux stratégies. Lors de co-infections, les phytopathogènes peuvent augmenter la sévérité de la maladie et modifier l'évolution de la virulence des génotypes co-infectants. Par conséquent, les outils de surveillance permettant une meilleure détection des agents pathogènes des cultures ainsi que la compréhension de l'impact des événements de co-infection sur la gravité de la maladie ne sont pas toujours efficace. De plus, nous manquons encore d'informations sur la base génétique responsable de l'évolution de la virulence et de la résistance aux fongicides au fil du temps. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, J’ai concentrés sur le développement d'un outil de surveillance pour tracer l'évolution de la virulence et de la résistance aux fongicides chez le pathogène fongique du blé Zymoseptoria tritici à l'aide de différents outils moléculaires et génomiques. Ici, j’ai développé un outils de génotypage pour multiplexer plusieurs locus ciblant les gènes de virulence et de résistance aux fongicides, et des marqueurs sélectionnés au hasard à l'échelle du génome. Plus d'une centaine de types d'échantillons ont été utilisés pour évaluer la bonne performances de mon outil. Cela a ensuite permis une amplification précise de tous les locus conçus et a bien fonctionné quel que soit le type d'échantillon. J’ai également exploré les conséquences d'interactions mixtes à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de la plante hôte en utilisant un échantillon de grande taille pour fournir une image plus approfondie des conséquences de ces interactions sur la gravité de la maladie de plante ainsi que sur le changement de virulence et de croissance. J’ai constaté que la cinétique de croissance et la virulence dans les interactions simples s'écartaient de celles observées lors des interactions mixtes, indiquant une preuve d'exclusion compétitive entre les souches conspécifiques. De plus, les résultats étaient divergents à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de la plante hôte, ce qui indique que le système immunitaire de la plante pourrait jouer un rôle clé dans la modulation des conséquences de l'interaction mixte à l'intérieur de la plante et ajoute une complexité significative. Enfin, j'ai utilisé un grand jeux de donnée de la population mondiale de Z.tritici pour étudier les éléments transposables situés à proximité d'importants locus de gènes de virulence et de résistance aux fongicides permettant
de comprendre l'histoire évolutive du pathogène dans le monde ainsi que d’établir de meilleures stratégies de protection de cultures. J’ai identifié un nombre considérable d'éléments transposables appartenant à différentes familles et superfamilles. J’ai également détecté des insertions récentes représentées par des insertions uniques. Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse de doctorat permet le traçage des génotypes de Z.tritici nouvellement évolués et de comprendre la base génétique médiant leur évolution. En outre, fournir des informations sur les conséquences des interactions mixtes sur la gravité de la maladie et sur la manière dont elles peuvent façonner le changement de virulence et la capacité de croissance des champignons phytopathogènes.Anglais
Plant pathogenic fungi are very widespread and can pose severe risks to global food production through single as well as mixed infection. Crop control is based on the use of synthetic chemicals and plant resistance breeding. However, fungal plant pathogens quickly overcome both strategies. During coinfections, plant pathogens can increase disease severity and change co-infecting genotypes virulence evolution. Hence, monitoring tools improving crop pathogen detection as well as understanding the impact of co-infection events on disease severity are lacking. Additionally, we still lack information on the genetic basis shaping virulence and fungicide resistance evolution over time. In this PhD thesis I focused on developing monitoring tool to track virulence and fungicide resistance evolution in the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici using different molecular and genomic tools. Here I designed a microfluidics-based amplicon sequencing assay to multiplex several loci targeting virulence and fungicide resistance genes, and randomly selected genome-wide markers. More than hundred types of samples were used to assess the performance of our assay. This later allowed an accurate amplification of all designed loci and performed well regardless of the sample type. I also explored the outcomes of mixed interactions within and outside the plant host by using a large sample size to provide a deeper picture about the consequences of such interactions on disease severity as well as virulence and growth effects. I found that the growth kinetics and virulence in single interactions deviated from those seen during mixed interactions indicating competitive exclusion between conspecific strains. Additionally, the outcomes were divergent within and outside the plant host indicating that the plant immune system plays a key role in shaping the within-plant interaction outcomes and adds significant complexity. Finally, I used a data set of worldwide populations of Z. tritici to investigate transposable elements (TEs) located nearby important virulence and fungicide resistance genes allowing to retrace
the evolutionary history of the pathogen worldwide as well as a better crop protection strategies. I
identified a considerable number of TEs belonging to different families and superfamilies, I also
detected recent insertions represented by unique insertions called singletons. Overall, this PhD thesis
allows monitoring newly evolved Z. tritici genotypes and understanding the genetic basis mediating
their adaptation to their hosts and environment. Besides, the thesis provides information about the
consequences of mixed interactions on disease severity and how these can shape change in virulence
and growth of plant pathogens
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
