755 research outputs found
Can payments reconcile agriculture and conservation? A meta-analysis of dynamic conservation games played in NetLogo
No full textAndrew Reid Bell, O. Sarobidy Rakotonarivo, Wei Zhang, Apurva Bhargava, Becca Sargent, A. Bradley Duthie, Spike Lewis, and Adams Kipchumba December 30, 202
Smart subsidies for catchment conservation in Malawi
No full textConservation agriculture (CA) is a management paradigm in which soil is covered outside of cropping seasons, minimally disturbed, and recharged with nitrogen-fixing legumes. Finding effective ways to encourage CA is a centuries-old problem playing out acutely today in Sub-Saharan Africa. To better understand this issue, we have collected data on rural livelihoods and CA adoption during a two-year intervention in southern Malawi. The intervention evaluated rates of CA adoption under two different structures of payment and three levels of monitoring. The dataset includes a baseline and endline survey covering 1,900 households, along with surveys conducted with participants opting into the intervention. Baseline and endline questions included modules on farm-level inputs and production at the plot-crop level; plot characteristics; household composition and assets; savings, loans, and other sources of income; neighborhood characteristics; and perceptions regarding CA. Registration questionnaires in the intervention included detailed assessments of recent production in plots being registered to the intervention, and basic information for all other plots; and basic information on household structure and assets
A portrait of the system: Criminal justice trends
No full textThe 6th edition Reader is a collection of primarily introductory level readings and aimed at any course with either a primary or secondary focus on the criminal justice system. In addition to exploring key and controversial topics, the text gives voice to participants from all aspects of the criminal justice system. These include readings from a judge, a defense attorney, a crown attorney, probation officer, police officer, as well as a life prisoner. It also offers essays on current issues in criminal justice and encourages students to debate and think critically about hot topics such as racial discrimination in the criminal court system or plea-bargaining. All returning chapters have been extensively revised and there are nine new readings, including a reading on Race, Ethnicity, and Criminal Justice Statistics by Alwasco-Owusu-Bempah and Paul Millar, and Indigenous Incarceration in Canada, by Andrew Reid and Julian V. Roberts. Additionally, there is a new foreword written by The Honorable Patrick Healy, from the Quebec Court of Appeal in Canada, to commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the Reader.book chapterDC Author's celebration 2022Published
Revisiting leniency: An intra-provincial study of sentencing variation in British Columbia
No full textThe Canadian public is known to hold the belief that sentences for criminal offences are too lenient and this perspective is said to be magnified in the province of British Columbia. Despite these sentiments, recent research on Canadian sentencing patterns has demonstrated considerable evidence that British Columbia is no more lenient or harsh compared to other Canadian provinces. It is possible, however, that public concern about leniency in the courts stems not from a provincial comparative framework but, rather, a more local relative perspective. Given this proposition, there are a number of pressing research questions that may be posed. Does sentencing for specific offences vary by court jurisdiction in British Columbia? I f so, is the variation statistically significant? Do certain courts consistently sentence more leniently or harshly than others? This article advances a comprehensive research design to explore intra-provincial patterns of sentencing and respond to these questions. Analysis of a comprehensive dataset of prison sentences handed down in Provincial Courts in the province reveals that while there are many statistically significant differences between courts, few consistent patterns emerge. As a result, there is little evidence of leniency between court jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]Peer reviewedFinal article publishe
Extending a geographic perspective to the study of jurisdictional consistency in sentencing outcomes
Get PDFConsistency in sentencing has long been regarded a fundamental principle of justice. Yet despite its universal importance, research has been hindered by many theoretical and methodological challenges. This study identifies a new concern with strategies used to measure jurisdictional consistency: direct measures fail to account for sentencing patterns developed at the local level. The objective of this study is to assess the utility of applying a geographic perspective to analyses of sentencing outcomes – one concerned with proportionate comparisons between jurisdictions. This is achieved by proposing a variant of a common metric applied in geographic research: the location quotient. Analyses using the new strategy compare sentence outcomes across provincial/territorial jurisdictions in Canada (2014-15). The technique identifies new patterns of consistency and inconsistency that would otherwise have gone undetected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]Peer reviewedlocation quotientsentencesconsistencydisparityimprisonmentPost refereed / Accepted manuscript (Embargoed due to publisher restrictions until October 2020)
Meta Analysis of Conservation Games Data
No full textThis is the first release of Meta Analysis of Conservation Games Dataset. This was created for the analysis in the paper "Payments don't reconcile agriculture and conservation" by Andrew Reid Bell, O. Sarobidy Rakotonarivo, Apurva Bhargava, A. Bradley Duthie, Wei Zhang, Becca Sargent, Spike Lewis, and Adams Kipchumba
Mirroring the World of the Novel: Poetry in "Humiliated and Insulted"
No full textThe article explores the poetry in the novel "Humiliated and Insulted" by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevskii. The author looks into the skills of Dostoevskii in the field of a lighter kind of poetry. Detail about a poetic insertion in Dostoevskii's work is provided. Also tackled is the incorporation of Iakov Polonskii's poem in Dostoevskii's novel
Reducing the use of imprisonment: Lessons from 20 years' experience in Canada
No full textIn order to reduce or constrain prison populations, many different strategies have been proposed, trialled, or implemented. In 1996, Canada created the first and, to date, most ambitious home confinement sanction, the Conditional Sentence of Imprisonment (CSI). This study tracks annual changes to correctional admissions since the introduction of the sanction to assess whether it has reduced custodial admissions for Aboriginal offenders. There is evidence that the CSI had a modest decarceration effect overall and for Aboriginal offenders specifically. These effects were strongest in the initial years after the sanction was introduced, with waning performance in the most recent decade. The decarceration effects have not been erased but nor has the serious problem of over-incarceration among Aboriginal offenders.Peer reviewedFinal article publishedDC Author's celebration 2022sentencesAboriginal offendersalternatives to imprisonmenthome confinementhouse arrestcommunity custod
The relative utilization of criminal sanctions in Canada: Toward a comprehensive description of sentencing outcomes
Get PDFCanada's national statistics agency relies solely on counts, percentages, and measures of central tendency to report on sentencing outcomes in the country. While these techniques are familiar, simple to calculate, and easy to interpret, they each offer just one perspective. Consequently, important information may go unreported. This article proposes an alternative statistical approach – a relative utilization quotient – to offer an additional perspective. The technique is employed to calculate the extent to which criminal sanctions are used for a particular offence category, relative to their general use across all offence categories. Data from the adult component of the Integrated Criminal Court Survey (2013–14) are used to operationalize the technique in analyses covering five key categories of offences and a subset of detailed offence groupings. Results demonstrate that the relative utilization quotient reveals important patterns of sanction use and, when it is considered alongside conventional measurement strategies, a more complete understanding of sentencing outcomes may be obtained. Because of its valuable contribution and ease of calculation, it is argued that the strategy should be more widely adopted in studies of sentencing and criminal case processing.Peer reviewedPost refereed / Accepted manuscript.punishmentsentenceslocation quotientcriminal justice statisticscriminal sanctio
The Differential utilization of conditional sentences among Aboriginal offenders in Canada
Get PDFPeer reviewedAuthor manuscript / Accepted version.Canada’s community-based custody sanction — the conditional sentence of imprisonment — came into effect in 1996 with major statutory reforms to the Criminal Code. While the new sanction was found to reduce incarceration rates among the general offender population, there has been no evidence that it resulted in decreases of incarceration among Aboriginal offenders. Now 20 years following its introduction, this study sets out to document recent trends in the use of conditional sentences and for the first time, focus on trends of Aboriginal offenders. Using a new metric, the Conditional Sentence Utilization (CSU) percent, the analyses reveal a shift in general utilization of the sanction. At the onset of the new millennium, Aboriginal offenders received a greater proportion of community-based imprisonment sentences. This pattern reversed in 2008/09 and for the next five years non-Aboriginals received a greater proportion of community based imprisonment sanctions. Analyses conducted at the provincial/territorial-level reveal widespread variation in the use of community custody among the two offending populations. In Quebec, Aboriginal offenders consistently received conditional sentences in far greater proportion to non-Aboriginals. In Manitoba, the opposite was found. The implications of these findings on criminal justice policy are discussed.Imprisonmen
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