1,721,116 research outputs found
A supermartingale approach to Gaussian process based sequential design of experiments
Full text linkInternational audienceGaussian process (GP) models have become a well-established framework for the adaptive design of costly experiments, and notably of computer experiments. GP-based sequential designs have been found practically efficient for various objectives, such as global optimization (estimating the global maximum or maximizer(s) of a function), reliability analysis (estimating a probability of failure) or the estimation of level sets and excursion sets. In this paper, we study the consistency of an important class of sequential designs, known as stepwise uncertainty reduction (SUR) strategies. Our approach relies on the key observation that the sequence of residual uncertainty measures, in SUR strategies, is generally a supermartingale with respect to the filtration generated by the observations. This observation enables us to establish generic consistency results for a broad class of SUR strategies. The consistency of several popular sequential design strategies is then obtained by means of this general result. Notably, we establish the consistency of two SUR strategies proposed by Bect, Ginsbourger, Li, Picheny and Vazquez (Stat. Comp., 2012)—to the best of our knowledge, these are the first proofs of consistency for GP-based sequential design algorithms dedicated to the estimation of excursion sets and their measure. We also establish a new, more general proof of consistency for the expected improvement algorithm for global optimization which, unlike previous results in the literature, applies to any GP with continuous sample paths
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Sequential design of numerical experiments in multi-fidelity : Application to a fire simulator
No full textLes travaux présentés portent sur l'étude de modèles numériques multi-fidèles, déterministes ou stochastiques. Plus précisément, les modèles considérés disposent d'un paramètre réglant la qualité de la simulation, comme une taille de maille dans un modèle par différences finies, ou un nombre d'échantillons dans un modèle de Monte-Carlo. Dans ce cas, il est possible de lancer des simulations basse fidélité, rapides mais grossières, et des simulations haute fidélité, fiables mais coûteuses. L'intérêt d'une approche multi-fidèle est de combiner les résultats obtenus aux différents niveaux de fidélité afin d'économiser du temps de simulation. La méthode considérée est fondée sur une approche bayésienne. Le simulateur est décrit par un modèle de processus gaussiens multi-niveaux développé dans la littérature que nous adaptons aux cas stochastiques dans une approche complètement bayésienne. Ce méta-modèle du simulateur permet d'obtenir des estimations de quantités d'intérêt, accompagnés d'une mesure de l'incertitude associée. L'objectif est alors de choisir de nouvelles expériences à lancer afin d'améliorer les estimations. En particulier, la planification doit sélectionner le niveau de fidélité réalisant le meilleur compromis entre coût d'observation et gain d'information. Pour cela, nous proposons une stratégie séquentielle adaptée au cas où les coûts d'observation sont variables. Cette stratégie, intitulée "Maximal Rate of Uncertainty Reduction" (MRUR), consiste à choisir le point d'observation maximisant le rapport entre la réduction d'incertitude et le coût. La méthodologie est illustrée en sécurité incendie, où nous cherchons à estimer des probabilités de défaillance d'un système de désenfumage.The presented works focus on the study of multi-fidelity numerical models, deterministic or stochastic. More precisely, the considered models have a parameter which rules the quality of the simulation, as a mesh size in a finite difference model or a number of samples in a Monte-Carlo model. In that case, the numerical model can run low-fidelity simulations, fast but coarse, or high-fidelity simulations, accurate but expensive. A multi-fidelity approach aims to combine results coming from different levels of fidelity in order to save computational time. The considered method is based on a Bayesian approach. The simulator is described by a state-of-art multilevel Gaussian process model which we adapt to stochastic cases in a fully-Bayesian approach. This meta-model of the simulator allows estimating any quantity of interest with a measure of uncertainty. The goal is to choose new experiments to run in order to improve the estimations. In particular, the design must select the level of fidelity meeting the best trade-off between cost of observation and information gain. To do this, we propose a sequential strategy dedicated to the cases of variable costs, called Maximum Rate of Uncertainty Reduction (MRUR), which consists of choosing the input point maximizing the ratio between the uncertainty reduction and the cost. The methodology is illustrated in fire safety science, where we estimate probabilities of failure of a fire protection system
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Stepwise Entropy Reduction : Review of Theoretical Results in the Finite/Deterministic case
No full textInternational audienceThe stepwise entropy reduction idea was introduced in the field of Bayesian optimization by Villemonteix, Vazquez and Walter [1]. In short, given a prior model on the "unknown" function to be minimized, evaluation points are selected sequentially in order to greedily minimize the expected conditional entropy of the minimizer. The same idea can be found under various forms and names in many different fields, such as sequential testing [2], active learning [3], search [4], image processing [5], etc. This communication will review some theoretical results about the performance of stepwise entropy reduction strategies in simple settings where the probability space is finite and the responses are deterministic [6, 7].References[1] Villemonteix, J., Vazquez, E., and Walter, E. (2009). Aninformational approach to theglobal optimization of expensive-to-evaluate functions.Journal of Global Optimization,44(4):509–534.[2] Johnson, R. (1960). An information theory approach to diagnosis. InProceedings of the6th Symposium on Reliability and Quality Control, pages 102–109.[3] MacKay, D. J. C. (1992). Information-based objective functions for active data selection.Neural Computation, 4(4):590–604.[4] O’Geran, J. H., Wynn, H. P., and Zhiglyavsky, A. A. (1993). Mastermind as a test-bed forsearch algorithms.Chance, 6(1):31–37.[5] Geman, D. and Jedynak, B. (1996). An active testing modelfor tracking roads in satelliteimages.IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 18(1):1–14.[6] Kosaraju, S. R., Przytycka, T. M., and Borgstrom, R. (1999). On an optimal split treeproblem. In Workshop on Algorithms and Data Structures (pp.157–168). Springer, Berlin,Heidelberg.[7] Dasgupta, S. (2005). Analysis of a greedy active learning strategy. In Advances in NeuralInformation Processing Systems (pp. 337–344
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
An introduction to some EGO-like algorithms for constrained / multi-objective / noisy problems
No full textInternational audienc
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