1,721,942 research outputs found
In-patient and out-patient palliative medicine - a challenge for the anaesthesiologist
No full textTraditional approaches to the treatment of the incurable and terminally ill are often felt by patients and their families to be inadequate, since the distressing physical symptoms and psychological concomitants of the disease are not given sufficient consideration. New strategies for providing therapy and care have resulted from the international hospice movement and have been included in medical training programmes, collectively referred to as palliative medicine. In the past few years, palliative care services have increasingly been established in Germany. These are mainly in-patient facilities, such as palliative-care wards or hospices. Beside other medical fields, anaesthesiology departments are often involved. A major advance was made in May 2003, when the Federal General Assembly of German Physicians passed a resolution to include palliative medicine in the postgraduate medical training regulations. In addition to giving greater recognition to this medical specialisation, that crucial step will bring about an improvement in the qualification of the physicians working in this field and better provision of palliative care. This review primarily addresses the alleviation of pain and other physical symptoms as well as the psychosocial needs of the individual. After diagnosis of the disease and assessment of pain, treatment commences with the selection of appropriate analgesics and an effective mode of application. Following dosage titration until the effective dosage is reached, long-term therapy is initiated with slow-release analgesics and supplemented with co-analgesics, particularly in the case of neuropathic pain, as well as with adjuvant drugs to diminish the side effects of analgesics. The significance of constipation and its associated complications is often underestimated in patients with advanced malignant disease. Effective prophylaxis and therapy based on the elimination of the cause of the problem can improve alimentation and intestinal transit and prevent the development of a paralytic ileus. New findings concerning the role of neurotransmitters in triggering nausea and vomiting have resulted in the development of purposeful approaches to treatment. Dyspnoea therapy places high demands on the medical team as nursing and physiotherapy must effectively supplement the limited possibilities offered by medical treatment alone
In-patient and out-patient palliative medicine - a challenge for the anaesthesiologist
No full textTraditional approaches to the treatment of the incurable and terminally ill are often felt by patients and their families to be inadequate, since the distressing physical symptoms and psychological concomitants of the disease are not given sufficient consideration. New strategies for providing therapy and care have resulted from the international hospice movement and have been included in medical training programmes, collectively referred to as palliative medicine. In the past few years, palliative care services have increasingly been established in Germany. These are mainly in-patient facilities, such as palliative-care wards or hospices. Beside other medical fields, anaesthesiology departments are often involved. A major advance was made in May 2003, when the Federal General Assembly of German Physicians passed a resolution to include palliative medicine in the postgraduate medical training regulations. In addition to giving greater recognition to this medical specialisation, that crucial step will bring about an improvement in the qualification of the physicians working in this field and better provision of palliative care. This review primarily addresses the alleviation of pain and other physical symptoms as well as the psychosocial needs of the individual. After diagnosis of the disease and assessment of pain, treatment commences with the selection of appropriate analgesics and an effective mode of application. Following dosage titration until the effective dosage is reached, long-term therapy is initiated with slow-release analgesics and supplemented with co-analgesics, particularly in the case of neuropathic pain, as well as with adjuvant drugs to diminish the side effects of analgesics. The significance of constipation and its associated complications is often underestimated in patients with advanced malignant disease. Effective prophylaxis and therapy based on the elimination of the cause of the problem can improve alimentation and intestinal transit and prevent the development of a paralytic ileus. New findings concerning the role of neurotransmitters in triggering nausea and vomiting have resulted in the development of purposeful approaches to treatment. Dyspnoea therapy places high demands on the medical team as nursing and physiotherapy must effectively supplement the limited possibilities offered by medical treatment alone
Symptom control in palliative medicine
No full textPalliative medicine has as its goal improving the quality of life of patients with incurable diseases and their family members, According to the WHO, alleviating pain and other physical symptoms, as well as addressing psycho-social and spiritual problems have the highest priority. The role of medicine and the physician is inseparably linked to psycho-social and nursing resources in a multi-disciplinary team. Advanced stages of cancer are particularly characterized by symptoms which can cause lasting impairment of normal life. In addition to pain, patients suffer from other, often extremely distressing physical symptoms such as constipation, nausea and vomiting, gastrointestinal obstruction and difficulty in breathing. The first priority is to determine the causes of the individual symptoms, since therapeutic decisions are based on the specific pathophysiological mechanisms. Effective symptom management presupposes exact knowledge of the pharmacokinetics. The often difficult decision between causal and symptomatic therapy options must whenever possible - be made together with the patient and frequently in interdisciplinary medical consultation. Tumor pain therapy follows the guidelines of the World Health Organization. Crucial are long-term therapy and dose titration of the analgesics, stepped progression between the groups of medication, and specific therapy approaches for neuropathic pain components. The significance of constipation with its variety of possible complications is often underestimated in the context of the tumor patient. Effective prophylaxis and cause-based therapy do improve the nutritional care and can help to prevent the transition to an ileus. New findings concerning the role of neurotransmitters in triggering nausea and vomiting have opened up specific methods of attack. Dyspnoea therapy places high demands on the medical team, since nursing measures must effectively supplement the more limited medical possibilities
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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