1,720,958 research outputs found
Policies and strategies to control antimicrobial resistance in livestock production: A comparative analysis of national action plans in European Union Member States
Full text linkPolicy strategies targeting imprudent antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock farming have been established at the global and country levels, recognising the risks associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study evaluates the strategies addressing AMU and AMR in animal farms and the food supply chain in EU Member States using a multimethod approach. Our aim is to contribute to the debates surrounding the goals set by the EU Commission and the ‘Strategic framework for collaboration on antimicrobial resistance: Together for One Health’. We first review the policies, strategies and specific legislation in the European Union (EU) and Member States about AMU/AMR in livestock production. We then evaluate the national action plans for AMU reduction in the EU using the progressive management pathway tool from the FAO. Finally, we assess the measures that affect AMU reduction by applying a system generalised method of moments to a 8-year panel of the same countries. According to our results, efforts to reduce AMU could be focused on controlling excessive AMU in the pig sector. Further veterinary training on AMU/AMR and improvements in the performance of the veterinary sector, as well as strengthening the development of multisector and One Health collaboration and coordination, can also contribute to achieving better standards in AMU reduction in the livestock sector and, consequently, for AMR control
Policy Mixes to Control Anti-microbial Resistance in Livestock Production: A Comparative Analysis of National Action Plan Implementation in Relevant Countries
No full textPolicy strategies targeting imprudent antimicrobial (AM) use (AMU) in livestock farming have been set at the global and country levels, by recognizing risks from AM resistance (AMR). Within the framework of the European Project ROADMAP, this study evaluates the strategies addressing AMU and AMR in animal farms and the food supply-chain in the EU countries. The objective is to provide evidence that can support the plan of actions of the EU Farm to Fork strategies by using AMU data from the EMA-ESVAC database and the TrACSS survey, where participating countries self-assess their own policies in the areas of awareness, evidence, governance, and practices related to farm AMU and AMR. The results make it evident the possibility to overcome the trade-off between a reduced AMU and production performances. The achievements in reducing AMU are the outcomes of several main contributing factors: long experience of evidence-based guideline implementation, strong participatory local commitment, and integration between actions at local and national levels
Antibiotic Resistance in Humans: An Analysis of Antibiotic Use in Factory Farming
No full textThe World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as one of the most significant threats to public health worldwide. The long-term and massive antibiotic use in farmed animals, a consequence of the growing global demand for animal-based foods, can contribute to the prevalence of bacterial AMR in humans. The main objective of this study is to assess the effect of antibiotic use on factory farms (i.e., modern concentrated and specialized farms) on AMR in humans using a spatial regression model. Based on the results, the increase of antibiotic use in factory farming by 1000 tons globally can increase antibiotic resistance in humans by 21%. Therefore, to prevent AMR infections in humans, it is necessary to optimize antibiotic use in factory farming, by reducing or switching to bio-alternatives. Although in some countries the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics (e.g., as growth promoters) in factory farming is forbidden now, many countries do not enforce legislation in this field yet allowing for cross-borders effects at continental and global levels
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
- …
