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Safrina moorei Reid & Beatson, new species
No full textSafrina moorei Reid & Beatson, new species (Figs 7, 16, 25, 34, 42, 58, 69) Material examined. Types: HOLOTYPE: Ƌ, New England National Park, 1300 m, [pitfall trap], 4.ii–9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); PARATYPES (36): New South Wales: 2Ƌ, ♀, same data as holotype (AMS); Ƌ, 2♀, New England National Park, 1300 m, [pitfall trap], in Nothofagus forest 21.ii.2003, R. de Keyzer (AMS, RDK); 5Ƌ, ♀, New England National Park, 1300 m, [pitfall trap], 26–27.ii.2002, R. de Keyzer (AMS, RDK); Ƌ, New England National Park, 1350 m, [pitfall trap], 4.ii–9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); Ƌ, bordering New England National Park & Styx River State Forest, 1350 m, [pitfall trap], 4.ii–9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); ♀, [New England National Park], 1130 m, [pitfall trap], 4.ii–9.iv.1993, M. Gray & G. Cassis (AMS); 3Ƌ, ♀, [New England National Park], 1480 m, under logs, Nothofagus forest, 23–25.ii.2002, C. Reid (AMS); 2♀, New England National Park, as larva, 10.i.1963 B.P. Moore (AMS); Ƌ, New England National Park, 26.i.1997, R. De Keyzer (AMS); ♀, New England National Park, 9–12.iv.1998, R. De Keyzer (AMS); 4Ƌ, 2♀, Mount Hyland Nature Reserve, 11.ii.2004, R. de Keyzer & C. Reojewski (AMS, RDK); 2Ƌ, 2♀, Mount Hyland Nature Reserve, 15.ii.2005 R. de Keyzer (AMS, RDK); 2Ƌ, ♀, Mount Hyland Nature Reserve, 9.ii.2006 (RDK). Non-types: 1 mature larva, New England National Park, 20.i.2002, R. de Keyzer (AMS); Diagnosis. Male: length 15−22 mm. Head, pronotum, elytra, and venter black or almost so, elytra rarely slightly paler; most specimens with mandibles and lateral margins of head and pronotum reddish brown; legs reddish brown, femora usually darker, 1 specimen with entirely black legs; elytra strongly rounded at sides; head with short laterally projecting genal lobes, posterior margins prominent and angulate, anterior margins rounded; mandibles with 2 prominent basal dorsal teeth, and prominent but not strongly projecting pre-apical dorsal tooth; elytron smooth, without obvious ridges or striae. Female: length 14−22 mm. Colour as male; with distinct tooth at base of outer mandibular carina; pronotal disc finely and sparsely punctured, punctures of basal third of median groove absent or separated by more than diameters, discal punctures not coalescent; lateral margins of pronotum irregularly crenulate, tubercles small, usually blunt; elytra shiny with dense, minute microsculpture, but explanate margins densely microscuptured and dull; first elytral interval convex, remainder of elytron smoothly convex; explanate margin of elytra about width of base of metatibia, with or without deep lateral channels. Description. Male. Length 15−22 mm. Head, pronotum, elytra, and venter black or almost so, elytra rarely slightly paler; most specimens with mandibles and lateral margins of head and pronotum reddish brown; legs reddish brown, femora usually darker, 1 specimen with entirely black legs. Body elongate-ovate: pronotum broader than or equal to width of elytra, usually broadest close to base, rarely almost parallel-sided at middle half, sides of elytra rounded. Head: with short laterally projecting genal lobes (longer than broad), posterior angle of genal lobe more prominent (often a narrow acute angled projection) than obtusely angled anterior curving to anterior margin of head; transverse, width about 3x length; dorsum strongly punctured with smooth but finely microreticulate interspaces; anteromedian prominence strongly elevated, bituberculate, tubercles adjacent; anterior margin medially shallowly concave; dorsally visible part of mandibles 1.3−1.6x longer than head, almost symmetrical; mandibles with prominent elongate dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, with similar-sized tubercle distal to this (both often on slight elevation); mandibular preapical dorsal tubercle present, not strongly elevated (similar to other dorsal tubercles); ventral inner edge with 3−5 usually angulate teeth, usually larger at middle, often asymmetrically partly fused, before upturned apex; base of inner face of mandible with large slightly bilobed ventral tubercle and small dorsal tubercle; pregular swelling truncate not sharply convex nor arcuate, height ≤ longitudinal length, with 4−6 setose punctures on anterior face, 0−2 on posterior. Thorax: pronotum contracted anteriorly from middle, or almost parallel-sided in middle half, posterolateral angles rounded, not projecting; lateral margins entirely shallowly and bluntly crenulate; pronotal disc finely and sparsely punctured, without or with small pair of foveolate depressions anterior to middle, sides more strongly and closely punctured in lateral depressions and posterolateral angles, but interspaces larger than puncture diameters; pronotal disc shiny, but minutely and evenly microreticulate; scutellum transversely half ovate, middle usually depressed, impunctate or with small punctures at middle; elytra rounded at sides, broadest 1/3−1/2 from base; elytron with interval 1 raised, otherwise surface smoothly convex, without ridges; elytra without striae, generally smooth and shiny, but minutely microreticulate, with sparse small punctures and sometimes faint irregular grooves; elytral sides explanate, width 1.0−1.5x width of base of metatibia, with or without transverse grooves or wrinkles but densely microsculptured and dull in contrast to disc; wing reduced, one fifth elytron width, straplike, not reaching middle third of elytral length; external margin of protibia with 2 large and 2−4 minor teeth; internal margin protibia with 2−3 prominent median teeth; metatibia with 1−2 small external teeth. Abdomen: ventrite I dull, II-V relatively shiny, but all microreticulate; ventrite I strongly and closely punctured and rugulose, II −III closely and coarsely punctured at sides, almost impuctate medially, IV −V closely and coarsely punctured; I −IV with minute recumbent setae (easily overlooked) throughout punctured areas, V with longer erect setae; apex of ventrite V distinctly concave. Genitalia: apical half phallobase with scattered short setae, phallobase medially unsclerotised on both dorsal and ventral surfaces, dorsal surface convex; parameres conspicuously and moderately closely setose, apices blunt in lateral view; ventral sclerite of penis entire, apex with v-shaped notch; endophallus mostly uncoiled, small loop at apex. Female. As male, except: length 14−22 mm; head more strongly and rugosely punctured, obscuring tubercles on anteromedian prominence; dorsally visible part of mandibles about as long as head; mandibles with small acute dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, remainder of outer edge keeled, preapical dorsal tubercle absent; sides of pronotum more strongly punctured, lateral margins more conspicuously crenulate; elytral sculpture generally slightly coarser; protibia internal margin with or without 1 prominent tooth; apex ventrite V rounded; proctiger of ovipositor triangular with long apical spine. Larva (based on 1 specimen, about 30 mm long when crudely straightened, from New England National Park): inner edge of left mandible shallowly concave between apex and middle of mola; apex of antennomere 3 truncate, inner margin shallowly concave; antennomere 4 length to width ratio about 3.2; mesocoxal stridulatory file evenly curved, with about 35 small granules; metatrochanteral stridulatory file with about 21 transverse tubercles, reaching apex of trochanter, which is angulate; metafemur angularly produced at apex; metatibiotarsus elongate, length to width ratio about 4.3; raster with long apical setae, narrowly glabrous median strip, and elongate posteriorly directed setae on either side of midline. Etymology. Named after the late Barry Moore (died November 2015), a lucanid taxonomist and the collector of the first specimen discovered. Distribution and natural history. Safrina moorei is only known from New England National Park and Mount Hyland Nature Reserve, northern New South Wales, two localities separated by 45 km on the eastern edge of the New England tablelands. These are temperate and cool-temperate rainforests at high elevations, 1130−1480 m. Adults and larvae have been collected from January to April and occur together under logs that are deeply embedded in soil.Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/27208
Safrina jaedoni Reid & Beatson, new species
No full textSafrina jaedoni Reid & Beatson, new species (Figs 4, 13, 22, 31, 41, 55, 62, 70) Material examined. Types: AUSTRALIA: HOLOTYPE: Ƌ, Kroombit Tops, 65 km SW Gladstone, 1000–1100 m, open forest, 22–26.ii.1982, Monteith, Thompson, & Yeates (QMB); PARATYPES (17): 10Ƌ, 6♀, same data as holotype (AMS, DPIM, QMB); 1Ƌ, Kroombit Tops, 65 km SW Gladstone, 1000 m, ex Eucalyptus log in open forest, 22–26.ii.1982 (AMS). Diagnosis. Male. Length 18−21 mm. Dark brown to black, with (usually) or without dark green reflection, legs reddish brown; prothorax almost parallel-sided, elytra slightly rounded at sides; head with genal lobe greatly laterally projecting as an elongate triangle with a notch on posterior margin; mandibles without pre-apical dorsal tooth, basal internal dorsal and ventral teeth separated; basal half of elytron without ridges, with 5 striae. Female: length 17−20 mm. Colour as male; with or without distinct tooth at base of outer mandibular carina; pronotum relatively strongly and sparsely punctured, punctures of basal third of median groove separated by more than diameters, discal punctures not coalescent; lateral margins of pronotum feebly crenulate; elytra not or weakly transversely wrinkled, dull with dense microsculpture; elytral intervals 1−5 weakly convex at base, without carina from shoulder to disc; explanate margin of elytra narrow, 1.0−1.5x width of base of metatibia, without or with shallow lateral grooves. Description. (Note: all available specimens teneral or at least recently emerged). Male. Length 18−21 mm. Dark reddish brown to black, usually with dark green reflection, legs reddish brown. Body sub-parallel sided: pronotum generally broadest at middle third, often slightly broader than elytra, sides of elytra slightly rounded. Head closely setose around median tubercles, with sparse setae elsewhere, pronotal disc glabrous. Head: sides greatly laterally produced, as an acute-angled approximately isosceles triangle, height 1.0−1.5x width of base, notched on posterior edge; strongly transverse, width more than 4x length; dorsum strongly punctured with smooth interspaces; 2 separate anteromedian tubercles, on slightly elevated median prominence; anterior margin deeply concave; dorsally visible part of mandibles 1.5−2.0x longer than head, almost symmetrical; mandibles without dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, externally keeled on middle third; mandibular preapical dorsal tubercle absent or small and inconspicuous on inner edge; ventral inner edge with 3−4 angulate teeth, usually similarly sized but often asymmetrically partly fused, before upturned apex; base of inner face of mandible with large separated dorsal and ventral tubercles; pregular swelling sharply convex, height ≥ longitudinal length, without setose punctures on each face. Thorax: pronotum usually almost parallel-sided in basal half, sometimes slightly contracted from posterolateral angles to apex, posterolateral angles not laterally projecting; lateral margins not crenulate, but with 0−7 minute nicks; pronotal disc finely and sparsely punctured, with or without pair of foveolate depressions anterior to middle, sides more strongly and closely punctured, densely in lateral depressions; pronotal disc shiny, but minutely and evenly microreticulate; scutellum transversely half ovate, sparsely but strongly punctured; elytra slightly rounded at sides, broadest 1/3−1/2 from base; basal half of elytron with intervals 1−5 convex, 3 slightly more so than others, without an oblique ridge from humerus to disc; elytra shiny, but finely microreticulate except extreme base; elytral disc striate, with 5 fine sparsely punctured grooves reaching apical half, intervals with or without shallow transverse grooves, remainder of elytra smooth, with scattered punctures; elytral sides explanate, width 1.0−1.5x width of base of metatibia, smooth or almost so; wing fully developed, apex sharply folded to within basal third of elytra; external margin of protibia with 2 large and 2−3 minor teeth, inner margin with 0−2 prominent teeth; metatibia with 1−2 small external teeth. Abdomen: basal ¾ of ventrites I −IV dull, microreticulate, apical ¼ shiny without surface sculpture; ventrite I rugulose, finely and closely punctured on intercoxal process and sides, II −V closely but finely punctured, I −III glabrous except sides and intercoxal process, IV with sparse and minute recumbent setae, V with long erect setae on apical half; apex of ventrite V truncate. Genitalia: phallobase almost glabrous, but with scattered minute setae, medially unsclerotised on dorsal surface, apex of venter with triangular less strongly sclerotised depression, dorsal surface weakly convex; parameres with short but moderately close setae, apices blunt in lateral view; ventral sclerite of penis entire, apex with V-shaped notch; endophallus in repose with 1 large loop. Female. As male, except: length 17−20 mm; head more strongly and rugosely punctured, anterior truncate; genal lobe laterally produced as a short asymmetric triangle or trapezoid, broadest at posterior then approximately convexly curved to anterior of head; dorsally visible part of mandibles about as long as head; mandibles with or without small elongate dorsal tubercle, 1/3 from base of outer edge, remainder of outer edge keeled, preapical dorsal tubercle absent; sides of pronotum more strongly punctured, punctures often confluent, lateral margins evidently notched or bluntly crenulate, hind angles obtuse; internal margin protibia without teeth; apex ventrite V shallowly notched; proctiger of ovipositor triangular with long apical spine. Larva: unknown. Etymology. Named after Jaedon Marr. Distribution and natural history. Safrina jaedoni is the northernmost species of Safrina and is endemic to Kroombit Tops, an area of approximately 100 km 2 above 800 m altitude, well known as an isolated area of rainforest (McDonald & Sharpe 1986; Monteith 1987). Safrina jaedoni was illustrated as R. laticeps on the cover of the Queensland Naturalist for 1986 and similarly in Mizunuma & Nagai (1994: 206, plate 3). The material examined for this study was collected on a single visit in February 1982 by staff of the Queensland Museum, when all the specimens were found in a single hollow log of only 10−12 cm diameter, on the ground, in woodland not rainforest (G. Monteith, personal communication 2015). This habitat is similar to that of its sister species, S. laticeps. Notes. Safrina jaedoni and S. laticeps are similar and might be considered conspecific. We believe the consistent differences in male mandibles and genitalia validate their status, backed by slight comparative differences in female dorsal sculpture. The two species are geographically separated by 275 km of mostly lowland dry woodland.Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 26-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/27208
Safrina Reid & Beatson, new genus
No full textSafrina Reid & Beatson, new genus Type species. Ryssonotus laticeps Macleay, 1885, this designation. Etymology. Named in honour of Safrina Thristiawati. The generic name is feminine in gender. Diagnosis. Ventral setae simple, not multifid; eyes completely divided; antennae geniculate, with 10 antennomeres, antennomeres 1–4 sparsely setose and symmetrical, antennomeres 5–10 at least partly densely setose, asymmetric, forming a loose club; mandibles strongly punctured, inner faces not densely setose; sides of head with prominent genal lobe; upper surface of head tuberculate, with deep pit at base; mentum small, semicircular, punctate and thickly sclerotised; pregular area thickened and strongly transversely raised, with grooved sides for retention of maxillary palpi; pronotal disc with foveolate depressions; posterior corners of pronotum deeply concavely excavate, not margined; prosternal process linear, not arched, hidden between procoxae; lateral margins of pronotum crenulate in female; lateral margins of elytra explanate; mesosternal process anteriorly excavate; aedeagal endophallus everted; male paraproct split into two sclerites; proctiger of ovipositor triangular with long apical spine; female paraproct split into two sclerites; vaginal palp reduced to a flat strongly sclerotised plate with long setae at apex; spermatheca present, globular. Description. Adult. Length: excluding mandibles, 14–26 mm; including mandibles 15−28 mm. Upper surface black to reddish brown, often with metallic green reflection, dull or shiny, smooth or rugose. Body oval with relatively small head. Head with sparse, erect, simple setae; most visible around median tubercles and on genal lobes; dorsal surface of pronotum (except margins) glabrous; elytra glabrous, except minute sparse stubble laterally and apically in S. jugularis (Westwood, 1863) and S. parallela (Deyrolle, 1881). Ventral setae simple. Head. Eyes completely divided by canthus, dorsal segment of eye much smaller than ventral, separated by at least height of dorsal segment in lateral view; head strongly punctured; sides of head with prominent genal lobe; head tuberculate between eyes, and with a deep lunate pit at base; antennae geniculate, with 10 antennomeres, antennomeres 1–4 sparsely setose and symmetrical, antennomeres 5–10 densely setose and asymmetric, forming a loose club; mandibles short, length less than width of head, strongly punctured, inner faces setose but without a dense brush, with multiple blunt tubercles (intraspecifically variable and often asymmetric); mentum relatively small, semicircular, punctate and sclerotised; pregular area thickened, strongly transversely raised, with convergent sides; gap between pregular ridge and base of mandible forming a groove for retention of maxillary palp. Thorax. Pronotum transverse, quadrangular or broader at base, anterior angles rounded (produced in males), posterior corners strongly concave, forming distinct posterolateral angle; disc with depressed midline (broad and shallow in S. parallela) and lateral foveolate depressions (intraspecifically variable and often asymmetric); at least posterior corners and anterior of pronotum without bevelled margin; lateral margins of pronotum usually feebly (male) or strongly (female) crenulate; anterior half of hypomeron smooth with sparse trichobothria; prosternum smooth, with scattered trichobothria, most species almost glabrous; prosternal process a level, unarched, ridge hidden between procoxae, which are almost touching; elytra parallel-sided at basal 2/3 to strongly ovate, narrowly elevated at sutural margin, flat and explanate at lateral margins; scutellum semicircular; wings variable, from fully formed to reduced to a short narrow strip half length of elytra; mesoventrite process anteriorly excavate, without a tubercle between mid coxae; meso- and metathoracic ventral sclerites closely punctured and pubescent; legs gracile; profemora much thicker than other femora, anteriorly ridged, the ridge with a preapical excavation (inner edge of excavation toothed in larger males); tibiae not carinate; number of tibial teeth intraspecifically variable and often asymmetric, protibiae with at least 4 large external teeth, mesotibiae with at least 2 small external teeth, metatibiae with or without external teeth; inner margin of protibia slightly excavate and usually with median teeth; tarsal empodium short, hardly projecting beyond ventral apex of fifth tarsomere, much less than half length of claws. Abdomen. Ventrites not laterally ridged, without a deep basal groove. Aedeagal endophallus everted, unbranched; male tergite IX (paraproct) membranous at dorsal midline, split into two sclerites (laterotergites); male sternite IX with basal (anterior) elongate lobe and truncate setose apex; dorsal edge of parameres not notched, apices with membranous flange; proctiger of ovipositor triangular with long apical spine (4 species examined); female paraproct split into 2 sclerites; vaginal palp reduced to a flat strongly sclerotised plate with long setae at apex; spermatheca present, globular. Larva. The following diagnostic description is based on mature specimens (instars unknown) of five species (S. grandis (Lea, 1915), S. jugularis, S. laticeps, S. moorei new species, and S. polita), identified by their association with adults. Length 23−40 mm (when roughly straightened); third antennomere produced or truncate at apex; mandible with 1 apical tooth plus 5 internal subapical (scissorial) teeth; mesocoxal stridulatory file present as a fine line of coarse rounded granules, without basal area of finer granules; metatrochanteral stridulatory file present as a single ridge of 15−23 sparse, transverse granules; tibiotarsus not reduced, length about 3 times width at base; 10th abdominal segment dorsally foreshortened, with raster of moderately dense, short setae, at sides laterally directed, at middle posteriorly to inwardly directed, raster with fringe of short to very long setae; no dorsal anal lobe, lateral lobes with large well-defined oval pads, which are margined, smooth, and glabrous. Notes. Safrina is easily distinguished from Ryssonotus, differing by at least 13 adult and two larval characters: adult: upper surface without mottled colour pattern (Fig. 2); ventral setae simple, not multifid; head with prominent genal lobes (Fig. 20); eyes separated widely in lateral view (Fig. 39); antennal club with six partly densely setose antennomeres (Fig. 38); inner face of mandibles not densely setose (Fig. 20); posterior corners of pronotum deeply concavely excavate (Fig. 2); prosternal process flat, hidden between coxae (Fig. 45); lateral margins of elytra broadly explanate (Fig. 2); male paraprocts not fused (Fig. 51); proctiger of ovipositor triangular with long apical spine (Fig. 62); female paraproct split into two sclerites; vaginal palp reduced to a flat strongly sclerotised plate with long setae at apex; spermatheca hard, globular; larva: tibiotarsus elongate, length 3x breadth (Fig. 66); raster with inner setae apically or inwardly directed (Fig. 67). Safrina and Ryssonotus are most similar to Australognathus Chalumeau and Brochier, 1995, from North Queensland (Moore 1978; Moore & Monteith 2004); Sphaenognathus Buquet, 1838 from South America (Onore 1994); and Chiasognathus Stephens, 1831 from South America (Onore 1994; Paulsen & Smith 2010), as intimated by Westwood (1863). The nomenclature of these genera is complex. Sphaenognathus and Chiasognathus were split into 7 genera based largely on trivial secondary sexual characters (Chalumeau and Brochier 1993, 1995; Molino- Olmedo 2001), which are unlikely to provide a strong phylogenetic signal. Paulsen & Smith (2010) have discussed some of these genera and rejected their validity. However, one of these genera, Australognathus, was named for an Australian species of Sphaenognathus. Moore & Monteith (2004) discussed the status of Australognathus and reduced it to a subgenus, noting that it was based on minor male characters, but that there were biological differences between the two taxa. Paulsen (2010b), in a discussion of the separation of Chiasognathus from Sphaenognathus, accepted the validity of Australognathus as a genus, but without explanation. Most recently, Kim & Farrell (2015) have provided evidence for the ancient divergence of the Australian and South American species in this group, supporting the recognition of Australognathus as a valid genus, sister to Sphaenognathus + Chiasognathus. Kim & Farrell (2015) also discussed the composition of Chiasognathini and noted that Chiasognathini, “Rhyssonotini” [an unavailable name: Bouchard et al. 2011], “Pholidotini” [an unavailable name], and “Colophonini” [an unavailable name] formed a monophyletic group. They failed to provide morphological justification for any of their generic groups and made no classificatory changes. Ryssonotus and Safrina are hereby placed with Australognathus, Chiasognathus, and Sphaenognathus in the tribe Chiasognathini, defined by the club of 5 or 6 antennomeres, completely divided eyes, female externally keeled mandibles, female head with blunt median dorsal tubercle in front of an excavation (shallow to absent in Ryssonotus), plus other features listed by Moxey (1960). Molecular data support this monophyletic group (Kim & Farrell 2015). Australognathus, Chiasognathus, and Sphaenognathus differ from Safrina and Ryssonotus by: adult: lack of dorsal cephalic tubercles in males, flat pregula, profemora without anterior ridge, long tarsal empodium; larva (Onore 1994): mandibles with fewer internal (scissorial) teeth, pars stridens on metathoracic coxa with a diffuse patch of granules at apex. The larva of Australognathus munchowae Moore & Monteith, 2004, is similar to that of Sphaenognathus, with two scissorial mandibular teeth, metatrochanteral stridulatory file dense, with> 50 transverse tubercles, tibiotarsus reduced to short lobe and apex of metatrochanter strongly produced (material examined by CAMR in ANIC). Morphology therefore supports molecular analysis in placing Australognathus, Chiasognathus, and Sphaenognathus in a single clade (Kim & Farrell 2015). Without a detailed study of the male and female genitalia and larvae, the precise relationships of these five genera are unclear. Two genera related to the above are Cacostomus Newman, 1840 (= Eucarteria Lea, 1914; Reid 1999) in Australia, and Casignetus MacLeay, 1819 (= Pholidotus MacLeay, 1819) in South America, both placed in a poorly defined tribe Casignetini (Kikuta 1986; Reid 1999), incorrectly named “Pholidotini” in Kim & Farrell (2015). Casignetini genera share several attributes with Chiasognathini (split eyes, rugose mandibles, semicircular mentum, and posterolaterally excavate pronotum), but have several characters that appear to exclude them from this tribe: three antennomere club, non-carinate mandibles, dorsal scale-like pubescence, notched parameres, and two-segmented vaginal palpi (Reid 1999). The larvae of Casignetus are similar to Chiasognathini (Costa et al.1988). Casignetini and Chiasognathini are probable sister groups and the morphological evidence for this is supported by molecular analysis (Kim & Farrell 2015). All other extant lucanid genera, including South African Colophon Gray, 1832 (Switala et al. 2014), appear to differ considerably from the above genera, at least in external morphology. The fossil lucanid Protognathinus Chalumeau and Brochier, 2001, described in Chiasognathini, has Safrina - like antennae, mandibles, and pronotum, but it has complete eyes, unlike Chiasognathini and most other Lucaninae (Holloway 1969). This fossil appears to lack the morphological attributes that would place it in any known tribe (Paulsen 2010b). Protognathinus is best treated as incertae sedis in Lucanidae, although it has been suggested that it belongs to Lampriminae (Paulsen 2010b; Kim & Farrell 2015). Natural history and conservation of Safrina . Unlike Ryssonotus, the larvae of Safrina prefer old dead wood infected with brown-rot fungi (J. Hasenpusch, personal communication 2004). Both adults and larvae occur under and within logs deeply embedded in soil (R. DeKeyzer, personal communication, 2014; C.A.M.R., personal observation). The adults may be sap feeders and are frequently collected in pitfall traps, including the volant species. The species occur in a variety of habitats, from Eucalyptus woodland to temperate rainforest, generally at moderate to high elevations. Adults and larvae are recorded from logs and trunks of Nothofagus and Eucalyptus. Only one species of Safrina can be described as widespread and fairly common, the volant S. jugularis, but several populations of this species are small and isolated. The other species are known from few collecting events and several have small ranges. These other species should be considered threatened from habitat loss, changed fire regimes and over-collection. Safrina species largely occur in protected or extensive forests, but the rarely collected S. dekeyzeri new species has already lost one population due to clearance (B. Moore, personal communication 2004). Over-collecting is likely to become a significant problem (ironically, this paper may be a factor) as lucanids are popular with collectors, especially in North America, Europe, and Japan. Collecting lucanids is most popular in Japan, where they have special cultural significance from early childhood (J. Morimoto, personal communication 2004) and are traded in commercially significant numbers (Cornell & Honda 2002), which is causing damage to the Japanese lucanid fauna due to poor quarantine procedures (Goka et al. 2004). The dealers who satisfy obsessive collectors are not interested in conservation. Two Japanese dealers were successfully prosecuted in Australia in 2003 for illegal collection of more than 1000 specimens of Lamprima insularis Macleay, 1885, endemic to a small Pacific island, Lord Howe. During the lengthy preparation of this revision of Ryssonotus, the lucanid collecting community became aware of my work and one Japanese dealer offered " Rhyssonotus keyzerski " males for €1500 (AUS2400) (www.eurofauna.com; seen September 2006). On the same website a male of the recently described Australognathus munchowae (Moore & Monteith, 2004), a species only known from protected areas, was offered for €5000 (AUS$10,000). These large sums place the financial gain of lucanid dealing on a par with illicit drugs (Cornell & Honda 2002). While much of the collecting in Australia is done without permits, even the magnitude and impact of permitted collecting in National Parks is rarely monitored (C. A.M.R., personal observation). The taxonomic revision of collectable organisms, which must be done to enable their conservation, also flags rarities for collectors. This is a well-known problem in herpetology, where new species in particular become collectors’ targets (Stuart et al. 2006). To protect some of the species described below we omit details of collecting localities. For conservation of Safrina species, we recommend: (i) vulnerable species status for S. dekeyzeri, S. moorei, and S. politus, under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (New South Wales); (ii) modelling of suitable habitat and field survey for all species except S. jugularis; (iii) approved rearing programmes to improve knowledge of habitat requirements and to supply collectors' demands; (iv) improved regulation and policing of the insect trade; (vi) closer monitoring of approved collecting.Published as part of Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2016, Revision of the stag beetle genus Ryssonotus MacLeay (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), with descriptions of a new genus and three new species, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 4150 (1) on pages 9-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4150.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/27208
Macrolema dickdaviesi Reid & Beatson 2010, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Macrolema dickdaviesi</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs 6, 22, 48, 70, 84, 102, 117, 131)</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>Types: Holotype: male: / Mt Fisher, Millaa Millaa, N Qld, 10.xi.1979, A & M Walford-Huggins / [ANIC]; Paratypes (3): male, same data as holotype [ANIC]; female: / Mt Misery, N Qld, West [sic] of Carbine, 21.xii.1974, A & M Walford-Huggins / [ANIC]; female: / S Johnstone R., Queensland H. W. Brown / [AMS].</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Length: males 8mm, females 9–9.5mm; body shallowly convex in profile, length c.3.2x height. Body and appendages dark brown to black with metallic reflections, green on body, purplish-blue on antennae, tibiae and tarsi, weaker ventrally, except (i) elytron yellow, with two approximately median circular metallic black spots; (ii) apex labrum, maxilla and labium, parts of coxae and trochanters, reddish-brown, apical palpomeres darker.</p> <p>Head (Figs 6, 22): head puncturation variable but frontoclypeus more finely and closely punctured than sparsely and more strongly punctured remainder of head; minutely setose on anterior of frontoclypeus and above antennae (one specimen only); depressed between eyes, with or without groove on midline of vertex; eyes separated by c. 3x eye widths (both sexes); gena 0.15x eye length (both sexes); antennae c. 6x socket diameters apart; antennae c. 0.85x body length (male), or c. 0.8x body length (female); all antennomeres elongate: 2 shortest (c.0.5x first), <1=3, <4, <8=9=10, <5, <6=11, <7 (male), or <1=3=4, <8=9=10, <5=6=11, <7 (female); labrum not densely setose, with 2–3 pairs of prominent setae; apical maxillary palpomere elongate, almost cylindrical in both sexes, apex narrower in female, preapical palpomere shorter than apical.</p> <p>Thorax (Figs 6, 48): pronotum closely and strongly punctured at sides, base and midline, more diffusely on anterior half of disc, shining, with scattered distinct micropunctures between macropunctures; minutely setose at sides (one specimen); pronotal width 1.4x length, lateral margins strongly convex but not lobed at middle; pronotal disc with pair of deep lateral depressions, with or without shallow basal depression; anterior margination incomplete, absent from middle half; hypomeron at least partly punctate; prosternal process narrow and strongly arched from base to truncate apex; scutellum punctate at base, elongate-triangular with blunt apex; elytron with 2 circular shallow or deep depressions on basal half of disc, one on striae 3–5, and one on striae 6–8; elytral punctures large and deep in basal half, evanescent towards apex; elytra striate, with striae 1–7 and 9 regular and 8 partially obliterated by deep elytral depression, without or with minute interstrial punctures; irregular depressions absent or small along basal half of elytron adjacent to epipleuron; upper margin epipleuron reaching base of elytron, but not continued on basal edge; mesoventrite median process strongly arched to truncate apex; metaventrite shining and sparsely and minutely punctured, anterior with complete margination and without median depression, edge pitted lateral to middle; metepisternum not microreticulate, strongly punctured; 1 short spur on protibia, 2 on remainder.</p> <p>Abdomen (Figs 70, 84, 102, 117): ventrites I and II entirely fused; male ventrites shining, not microreticulate, closely and strongly punctured on apical half of I–II, all of III, more sparsely on IV–V, but middle of at least ventrites I and V smooth and impunctate, setae on I–V short and recumbent, with almost glabrous midline, not in distinct transverse bands; female ventrites as male but more densely punctured, wrinkled at sides and midline with scattered punctures and short recumbent setae; ventrite I laterally keeled along basal 1/2–2/3, other ventrites without keels; apex ventrite V narrowly truncate in both sexes; sternite VIII of male I-shaped (linear); apex of penis gradually narrowed in dorsal view, apical angle c.80°, thickened but not curved in lateral view; female sternite VIII with short triangular basal apodeme; gonocoxite distinctly setose at apex; spermatheca falcate with blunt apex, duct tightly coiled.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>This species is named for an Australian Museum Eureka Science prize winner (in 2005), Dick Davies, at that time chief executive of the Australian Mineral Industry Research Association.</p> <p> <i>Macrolema dickdaviesi</i> is known from only 4 specimens taken at 3 localities in the Wet Tropics World heritage Area, north Queensland (Fig. 131). This species was collected in November and December.</p>Published as part of <i>Reid, C. A. M. & Beatson, M., 2010, 2486, pp. 1-60 in Zootaxa 2486</i> on pages 16-1
Aulacophora barrogae Reid, Halling & Beatson 2021, sp. nov.
No full textAulacophora barrogae Reid, Halling & Beatson, sp. nov. (Figs 3, 11, 19, 27, 36, 47, 85, 98, 112, 125, 139, 153, 168, 183) http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 104DCAC7-BF6F-4008-A6FD-933A4C9D6A8C Material examined. Types. Holotype: ♁*/ Needle Rock Fls [Flats?], WA, 15:29S 124:29E, 5.iv.1992, N Scullion, J Collins, hand collected/ Chrysomelidae Rhapidiopalpa palmerstoni / Holotype Aulacophora barrogae Reid et al. / (AMS); Paratypes (3): Australia: 1♁, 1♀ / Port Darwin, N Territory/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blk, N Territory / on permanent loan from Macleay Museum, University of Sydney/ Paratype Aulacophora barrogae Reid et al. / (ANIC); 1♀ / Calvert Exped 1896 Fitzroy & Margaret R[iver]s/ Paratype Aulacophora barrogae Reid et al. / (SAM). Description. Colour (Fig. 3). Head brownish-yellow, except apical half of labrum brown; extreme apices of mandibles dark brown; antennomeres 4–11 dark brown to black, 3 outer edge and apex dark brown to black, 2 yellowish-brown, 1 yellow; pronotum and elytra entirely brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow; scutellum brownish-yellow; mesanepisternum, mesepimeron and mesoventrite brownish-yellow; metaventrite yellowish-brown with dark brown posterolateral patches or dark brown with yellowish anterior margin; procoxae, mesocoxae and metacoxae brownish-yellow; profemora brownish-yellow; mesofemora brownish-yellow; metafemora yellowish-brown with apical 2/3 or less brown; protibiae inner face brownish-yellow, outer face with dark brown, meso- and metatibiae dark brown with paler bases; protarsi brown, meso- and metatarsi dark brown; tergites brown with yellow margins, pygidium yellowish-brown; abdominal ventrites 1–4 yellowish-brown with dark brown apical margins, ventrite 5 brownish-yellow, with laterobasal brown patches or base narrowly brown. Male: length 6.5–7 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, oval flat area in apical half defined by sharp ridge; antennae about 0.6x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, about one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1>11>4=6>3=5=7=8=9=10>2; length antennomere 5 about 2.5x width; antennomeres 3–7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3–11 each with only 1–4 erect lateral setae; pronotal transverse depression posteriorly arcuate, deep and broad at middle; in lateral view anterior half of pronotum slightly less convex than posterior half and median depression with anterior slope shallower than posterior slope; without pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra shining, shallowly microreticulate; elytral humeri with small patch of 10–15 laterally directed erect setae (may be broken off); apical lobe of ventrite V symmetrically sculptured, cavity bounded by a thin ridges on either side; elongate cavity deepened from base almost to apex and deepest on midline, apically bounded by an almost vertical wall; tergite VIII pale brown, strap-like, medially acutely produced (more so in Port Darwin specimen than Needle Rock specimen), slightly membranous on midline, without lateral lobes; penis thick & angularly bent in lateral view with minute ventral hook at tip and sharp tubercle on basal half of dorsal surface; sides penis not conspicuously punctured, smooth and unridged; penis broad and only slightly asymmetric in dorsal view, almost evenly attenuated from middle to acute apex; membranous area about 2/3 penis length. Female as male, except: length 7–8 mm; antennomeres slightly thinner than male, length antennomere 5 about 2.5x width, length antennomere 8 about 2.5x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower than male but relatively deep at sides compared with all other species; elytral without setal patch; pygidium apically swollen and extended, faintly apically medially ridged; apex pygidium in dorsal view narrowly produced as an almost truncate lobe with a minute median tubercle; pygidial apex in lateral view flat but thick ventrally, with almost straight sides and without tubercle; venter of pygidial apex deeply concave; apex ventrite V unevenly shallowly concave; vaginal palpi broadly elongate ovate, length about 2x width, with 8 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes sinuate, about 0.5 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum separated from weakly sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite by a transparent membranous area, and posterior margin feebly concave, not produced; tignum 1.3mm long, kinked, apex membranous, slightly expanded, not separated from shaft by a band of deeper pigmentation; spermatheca falcate, collum abruptly demarkated from receptaculum, reflexed relative to receptaculum, insertion point of gland (ramus) slightly produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with curved interior bend and large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: without paired glands on pronotal disc (Fig. 11), pronotal depression broad and deep (Fig. 26), humeral setal patch present (Fig. 3), scutellum pale (Fig. 3), tergite 8 medially lobed (Fig. 85), penis smooth sided with acutely attenuated apex (Fig. 98) and minute median tooth in lateral view (Fig. 125). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled (as male, Fig. 11), antennomeres 1–3 pale and 4–11 dark brown to black (Fig. 19), scutellum pale, ventrite 5 yellow except laterobasal dark patches (Fig. 47), pygidium wholly brownish-yellow with rounded apex (Fig. 47), apical margin of ventrite 5 shallowly concave (Fig. 47). Notes. All four known specimens are old and/or damaged. The Needle Rock specimen is missing three legs (one of each pair) and has a large peck mark on the pronotum (we note that peck marks from birds are common on specimens of PPB). The Port Darwin specimens have been affected by mould in the past and were originally pinned. All localities for this species are somewhat problematic. Needle Rock is a sea stack on the coast of a remote corner of the Kunmunya Aboriginal Reserve, Kimberley Region, Western Australia. This area is only accessible by boat or seaplane. There is nowhere named Needle Rock Flats that we are aware of, but co-ordinates for the single specimen from this locality indicate a low plateau of 90m elevation, about 500m south of the coastline near Needle Rock. The two specimens labelled Port Darwin, originally from Macleay Museum, were almost certainly collected by Edward Spalding in 1877. Spalding was employed as a collector in the Port Darwin area by WJ Macleay, from May to September 1877 (Musgrave 1932; Rob Blackburn, pers. com. May 2017). Although labelled A. palmerstoni and removed to ANIC as putative type material there is no evidence that they formed part of the syntypic series of that species (Blackburn 1888). The Calvert Expedition specimens in SAM were collected by the naturalist George Keartland in the vicinity of the modern town of Fitzroy Crossing, at the junction of the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers, in late 1896, after material collected earlier on the expedition had been dumped in the desert (Hill 1905). Etymology. Named for the Philippine entomologist Grace Barroga, to honour her pioneering work on this difficult genus. Distribution (Fig. 183) and biology. Aulacophora barrogae is known from three widely separated localities in northern Australia, from the western Kimberley in Western Australia to the Darwin region of Northern Territory. Only one site, on the semi-arid Kimberley coast, has detailed collecton information. All sites are dominated by savannah woodland with rainfall restricted to the summer months. The distribution of A. barrogae is similar to that of the endemic cucurbit Cucumis umbellatus (Telford et al. 2011) and it possible that this species is a host. The distribution of A. barrogae overlaps with that of A. relicta and the two may possibly be found together.Published as part of Reid, Chris, Halling, Luke & Beatson, Max, 2021, Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkinbeetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4932 (1) on pages 21-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4932.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/454544
Argumentation among family members in Italy and Switzerland: A cross-cultural perspective
No full textThe main goal of this study is to analyze to what extent family members engage to resolve differences of opinion during everyday interactions at home. Our aim is to point out the relevance of the context in the analytical reconstruction of argumentation carried out by parents and children at dinnertime. Trough the examination of everyday interactions, we analyze qualitatively how argumentation shapes the communicative practices of Italian and Swiss family members and how it can foster a critical attitude in their processes of decision-making. We integrate two theoretical and methodological approaches: the first one is the model of the critical discussion, derived from the pragma-dialectical perspective. It represents an ideal argumentative discussion against which real-life interaction can be analytically reconstructed and evaluated. The second one is the conversational and discursive approach that aims at identifying the sequential patterns of discourse produced by participants. The present study shows that within the setting of dinnertime conversations pragma-dialectical and conversational analyses are powerful tools to understand how argumentation fosters a critical attitude in the process of decision-making and of the building of consent. The results open a space of investigation about the management of family debates in different contexts, taking into account a double perspective on argumentation
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Aulacophora relicta Reid & Halling & Beatson 2021, stat. rev.
No full textAulacophora relicta (Boisduval, 1835), stat. rev. (Figs 7, 15, 23, 30, 41, 54, 77–82, 104–105, 117–118, 131–132, 146, 160, 179, 186) Galleruca relicta Boisduval, 1835: 557. Aulacophora relicta: Baly 1889: 300. Ceratia relicta: Weise 1924: 16. Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackburn, 1888: 1497; syn. nov. Rhaphidopalpa imberbis Weise, 1916: 37; syn. nov. A. abdominalis sensu Lea 1924, nec Fabricius, 1781. Material examined (310): Types: Aulacophora relicta Boisduval: Neotype (this designation): ♁/ Hidden Valley, NQ, 19:00S 146:04E, dry scler. woodland, xi.1995, C Reid/ Aulacophora relicta (Boisduval, 1835) Neotype, des. Reid et al. 2020 (AMS); Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackburn: Lectotype (this designation): 1♁/ N Territory/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackb cotype [Blackburns writing]/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Bl. do [ditto] N.T:N.W.A. 17986 cotype [Lea handwriting]/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackburn, 1888 Lectotype, des. Reid et al. (SAM); paralectotype: 1♁/ N Territory/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackb cotype [B’s writing]/ Aulacophora palmerstoni Blackb N Territory cotype I.4062 [Lea’s handwriting]/ (SAM). Non-types: Australian Capital Territory: ANU Campus (ANIC); New South Wales: Alstonville (OAI); 1♀ *, Ashford, damaging cucurbits (AMS); Boggabilla (OAI); Broken Hill (1944) (OAI); Burbie Canyon, Warrumbungle NP (NAQS); Clovelly (OAI); Coonamble (OAI); Graman (OAI); vicinity Jenolan Caves (ANIC); Lightning Ridge (OAI); Lismore (OAI); Moree (ANIC, OAI); Murwillumbah (ANIC, OAI); ♁, Musselbrook [sic] (ANIC); 24k ESE Musselbrook [sic] (ANIC); Narrabri (OAI); Sunny Corner State Forest (ANIC); Ulmarra (OAI); Warialda (OAI); Northern Territory: Adelaide R (AMS); 2, Alice Springs, on hami melon (AMS, DPID); 5, Batchelor (AMS, ANIC, DPID); 1, Berrimah (DPID); 10, Berrimah Farm (DPID); 3, Berry Springs (DPID); 11k SSW Borroloola (ANIC); 22k WSW Borroloola (ANIC); 48k SSW Borroloola (ANIC); Burnside (ANIC); 1k S Cahills Crossing (ANIC); 8k ESE Cape Crawford (ANIC); 1, Coconut Grove (DPID); Daly River Mission (ANIC); 6, Darwin (ANIC, DPID); 8, Douglas Daly Res Sta (DPID); 3, Elizabeth Farm (DPID); Fergusson River (ANIC); 3, Humpty Do (DPID); 6mi W Humpty Doo (ANIC); 14mi W Humpty Doo (ANIC); 4, Katherine (ANIC, DPID); 2, Katherine Res Sta (DPID); 1♁, Katherine Gorge (ANIC); Larrimah Pond (SAM); 1♁, Litchfield NP (ANIC); 1♁, Manton Dam (ANIC); Marrakai Station (ANIC, NAQS); 1♁, McArthur River (ANIC); 3, Middlepoint (DPID); Mindil Beach (ANIC); 6k E Mount Cahill (ANIC); 19k ENE Mount Cahill (ANIC); 1, Munmarlarly Sta, Kakadu (DPID); 1, Nathan River HS (DPID); 6, Noonamah, Cucumis sativa (DPID); Point Charles (OAI); 1♁, Roper R (SAM); 1, Sixty Mile (DPID); Thorak Reserve, Darwin (MAGNT); 1, Thorak (DPID); Tindal (ANIC); 7, Wildman R (ANIC, DPID); Queensland: Archer Creek (ANIC); Aurukun (NAQS); Ayr (ANIC, QDAF); 14mi S Ayr (ANIC); 35mi SE Ayr (ANIC); Bamaga (NAQS); Bernborough Downs (ANIC); Biggenden (ANIC); Bilwon, water melon (QDAF); 1♁*, Blackdown Tableland NP (AMS); Bluff Mount (ANIC); Bluff Range (ANIC); Boolboonda Range (ANIC); Bowen (AMS); Brigalow (QDAF); 1♁, Brisbane (ANIC); Brisbane, cucurbits (QDAF); 1♁, Bucasia (ANIC); 19k S Bundaberg (ANIC); Bundaberg (ANIC); Burketown (NAQS); Cairns (AMS, ANIC, SAM); Camooweal (ANIC); Cape Tribulation (ANIC); 1♁*, Carnarvon NP (AMS); Charleville (NAQS); nr Charters Towers (OAI); 21.9k E Chillagoe (AMS); 1♁*, Clermont (AMS); Cooktown (ANIC); Coongera Rock, nr Coalstoun Lakes (ANIC); 1♁, Crater Lakes, Coulstoun National Park (ANIC); 1♀ * Crediton SF (AMS); Crows Nest (ANIC); Davies Ck (AMS); Doomagee (NAQS); Edward R (ANIC); Eidsvold (ANIC); Emerald, melon, zucchini (QDAF); Emu Park (ANIC); Expedition Range (ANIC); Gayndah, rockmelon, pumpkin (QDAF); Gilruth Plains (ANIC); 70k SW Greenvale (SAM); Harvey Range, 19:21S 146:28E (AMS); Helenvale nr Cooktown (AMS); 7mi SW Herberton (ANIC); Highbury (NAQS); Horseshoe Lookout, Blackdown Tableland (ANIC); Hughenden (ANIC); Hume Rd, nr Mareeba (NAQS); Ingham (ANIC); Kalunga (QDAF); Kirrama, 18:11S 145:44E (AMS); Kowanyama (NAQS); Lake Idamea, Glen Ormiston (SAM); Lochhart R (NAQS); 31k WSW Longreach (ANIC); Maalan (ANIC); Marion Downs (SAM); 3.5mi S Marmor (ANIC); 1♁, Maryborough (SAM); Maryborough Ck (SAM); Meteor Downs (ANIC); 1♁, Millstream NP (ANIC); 35k NNW Mount Carbine (ANIC); 2mi SW Mount Inkerman (ANIC); 1♁, 66k NW Mount Isa (ANIC); Mount Mulligan (AMS, NAQS); Mount Walsh (ANIC); Mullet Creek (ANIC); Murrays Spring (ANIC); Napranum (NAQS); Normanton (SAM); North Rockhampton (ANIC); 1♁, 15k W Paluma (ANIC); Peera- mon (ANIC); Port Denison (AMS); Ravenshoe (ANIC); Rita Island (ANIC); Rockhampton (AMS); Silver Plains Homestead (AMS, ANIC); Stanthorpe, pumpkin (QDAF); Walkamin (NAQS); Weipa (NAQS); Westcliff track, Bunya Mountains (ANIC); 1♁, White Mtns NP (ANIC); Windsor Tableland (AMS); Yandina, eating noogoora burr kernel, zucchini (QDAF); Yeppoon (ANIC); Queensland, Torres Straits: 1♁/ Dalrymple Island (ANIC); 1/ Moa Island, on cucumber, 6.iii.1992, JF Grimshaw (NAQS); South Australia: no locality (AMS); Alton Downs Homestead (ANIC); 10k N Cape Jervis (OAI); Kangaroo Island (ANIC); Murray Bridge [Lea] (ANIC); Tasmania: Kempton [Lea] (ANIC); Launceston [Lea] (ANIC); Victoria: Benalla [Helms] (ANIC); Western Australia: Bridgetown (ANIC); 200k SW Broome (NAQS); Fitzroy & Margaret Rivers (SAM); Karrakatta Bay (NAQS); 1♁, King Edward R (ANIC); Koolama Bay (NAQS); 2♁*, 1♀ *, Kununurra (NAQS); Lake Argyle Road, Kimberley (ANIC); Roebuck Bay (SAM); Wyndham (AMS). Description. Colour (Fig. 7). Head brownish-yellow, except apical half to two-thirds of labrum and apices of mandibles brown to dark brown, eyes black; antennae with antennomeres 1–2 yellowish-brown and 8–11 entirely slightly darker to almost black, 3–7 variably coloured but generally with darkened anterodorsal face contrasting with paler posteroventral face, sometimes 1–7 entirely yellowish-brown, if so 8–11 only slightly darker; pronotum and elytra entirely brownish-yellow; venter of prothorax entirely brownish-yellow; scutellum brownish-yellow; mesanepisternum, mesepimeron and mesoventrite brownish-yellow; metaventrite dark brown to black, with yellowish anterior margins; procoxae brownish-yellow, mesocoxae and metacoxae yellowish-brown; legs sometimes entirely brownish-yellow, but usually meso- and metatibiae and tarsi brown, rarely protibial outer edge and tarsi brown; tergites yellowish-brown except pygidium brownish-yellow; abdominal ventrites 1–4 dark brown to black, but middle of apex of ventrite 4, rarely 2–3, yellowish; ventrite 5 dark brown to black at sides of base, remainder brownish-yellow. Male: length 6–7.5 mm; frontoclypeus without arcuate ridges or densely setose patches; first antennomere expanded, oval flat area in apical half defined by sharp ridge; antennae about 0.65x body length; antennomere 2 shortest, less than one third length of 1, antennomere 1 longest, comparative lengths: 1>11> 9 = 10> 5 = 6 = 7> 3 = 8> 4> 2; length antennomere 5 about 2.3x width; antennomeres 3–7 slightly expanded to apices; antennomeres 3–11 each with only 1–4 erect lateral setae; pronotal transverse depression posteriorly shallowly arcuate, deepest and broadest at middle; in lateral view anterior half of pronotum slightly more convex than posterior half and median depression with anterior slope steeper than posterior slope; disc with pair of large pits anterior to transverse groove; elytra shining, shallowly microreticulate; elytral humeri without setae; apical lobe of ventrite V asymmetrically sculptured, cavity more abruptly ridged on left and gradually elevated on right, without sharp ridges; elongate cavity deepened from base almost to apex and deepest at left side before apex, then gradually elevated to apical margin; tergite VIII entirely pale brown, apical margin produced as a pair of narrowly triangular and slightly upcurved prongs with deep concavity between, left hand prong shorter and straighter than right, minute lateral lobes present; penis thin and sinuate in lateral view, with small sharply angulate tubercle at tip; sides penis without punctures, smooth and unridged; broad and asymmetric in dorsal view, right side strongly bisinuate, sides almost evenly attenuated from middle to acute apex; membranous area about half penis length. Female as male, except: length 5.5–7.5 mm; abdominal ventrites 1–4 often mostly yellowish-brown, especially at middle; antennomeres slightly thinner than male, length antennomere 5 about 2.7x width, length antennomere 8 about 2.7x width; transverse pronotal depression shallower; pygidium apical half slightly raised and extended; apex pygidium variable, from broadly obtuse-angled with minute apicodorsal tubercle to narrowly acutely produced with large elongate apicodorsal tubercle; pygidial apex in lateral view elevated but thin, with strongly sinuate sides and with apical tubercle; venter of pygidial apex flat or shallowly concave; apex ventrite V shallowly concave, usually with preapical lateral depressions and/or margin strongly reflexed; vaginal palpi elongate ovate, length 3.5–4x width, with 7–9 pairs of setae in apical half; basal apodemes straight to slightly sinuate, 0.43–0.48 mm long; sternite VIII with tignum separated from weakly sclerotised posterior margin of the sternite by a transparent membranous area, and posterior margin truncate to slightly concave, not produced; tignum 1.3–1.4 mm long, apex membranous, broadly rounded, not separated from shaft by a band of deeper pigmentation; spermathecal shape falcate, collum abruptly demarkated from receptaculum, reflexed relative to receptaculum, insertion point of gland (ramus) flat to produced; receptaculum strongly hook-shaped with angulate interior bend and large beak-like appendix. Diagnosis. Male: pronotal disc with pair of glands (Fig. 7), humeral setal patch absent (Fig. 23), scutellum pale (Fig. 2), tergite 8 deeply arcuate (Fig. 91), penis laterally sinuate with acutely attenuated apex (Figs 104–105). Female: frontoclypeus medially keeled, scutellum pale, abdominal tergites brownish-yellow, apex of abdominal venter pale (Figs 54), pygidium produced in an approximate right-angle or rarely rounded, venter of pygidial apex not deeply notched (Fig. 54), ventrite 5 with brownish-yellow base and apical margin variably concave but width of concavity at least 1.8x depth (Figs 54, 77–82). Notes. Galleruca relicta Boisduval 1835 was described from New Holland. It has a reasonable description (at least for Boisduval, who seems to have been a particularly casual taxonomist) and this, in combination with its position in his list of taxa (which is significant), and its type locality, suggests that A. relicta represents the common and widespread pale species of Australian Aulacophora. Aulacophora relicta was merely listed by Baly, who noted that the type was unknown to him (Baly 1889: 300), and it was later placed in synonymy with A. abdominalis by Lea (1924), followed by Wilcox (1972) and Kimoto (1990). Our research shows that the common PPB from Australia is a different species from the common PPB in the Pacific. As Aulacophora relicta is the oldest name for the PPB in Australia we resurrect this name and designate a neotype to fix its identity. Aulacophora palmerstoni was described from Darwin (Blackburn 1889) and later placed in synonymy with A. abdominalis (Blackburn 1898). We have examined type material and can confirm that this is A. relicta. Raphidiopalpa imberbis was described and illustrated from the Kimberley region (Weise 1916) and later synonymised with A. palmerstoni (Weise 1924) and then A. abdominalis (Wilcox 1972). We have not seen type material but it is clear from the detailed description that A. imberbis is also a synonym of A. relicta. Distribution (Fig. 186) and biology. Aulacophora relicta is a widespread and common species of northern Australia and eastern New South Wales with old records for South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. The latter may represent occasional incursions from the north which do not form sustainable populations, or may simply reflect lack of recent collecting in these areas. The distribution of A. relicta in northern Australia encloses both A. barrogae and A. mbabaram and overlaps slightly with A. abdominalis in the Torres Straits, occurring as far northeast as Darnley Island, 200 km northwest of mainland Australia. Given that Biosecurity measures have not restricted movement of cucurbit plants north from the mainland, it is quite possible that some Torres Straits specimens found are due to recent manmade movements, with long term establishment unknown. Aulacophora relicta has been collected in every month of the year. Aulacophora relicta has been recorded damaging pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima) and “all commercial cucurbit crops” in Australia, under the name A. abdominalis (Waterhouse & Norris 1987; Napier 2009; Brown 2015). Few of the specimens we examined had any host data, with only two records for Citrullus sativa, one for C. lanatus, three for Cucumis melo, and two for Cucurbita pepo, all of which are exotic. One adult is labelled as feeding on the seed of an exotic weed in the Asteraceae (Xanthium species). However native Cucurbitaceae species occur throughout the range of A. relicta and these are probably the native hosts.Published as part of Reid, Chris, Halling, Luke & Beatson, Max, 2021, Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkinbeetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4932 (1) on pages 36-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4932.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/454544
The nomenclature and type material of Crocodylus johnstoni (Krefft, 1873)
No full textShea, Glenn M., Beatson, Cecilie A., Sadlier, Ross A. (2016): The Nomenclature and Type Material of Crocodylus johnstoni (Krefft, 1873). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (3): 81-98, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.1658, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.68.2016.165
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