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Vulnérabilité et risque lors des crues extrêmes : la crue du Rhône de 2003 dans le secteur Arles - Tarascon
No full textVulnerability and risk during extreme floods: the 2003 Rhône flood in Arles - Tarascon area.
Early December 2003, the south east part of France was affected by several intense rainfall events which have almost covered the full Rhône catchment. The rainfalls have generated exceptional floods in all Mediterranean rivers and have exposed populations to extreme inundations. Between December 2nd and 5th, the Rhône discharge recorded at Beaucaire has reached 11500m3/ s. This flood has induced heavy damages especially in the Arles – Tarascon area. The break and the collapse of two underneath accesses below the railway track established in 1845 have generated the flooding of the Trébon area. Waters have reached Arles and affected all north area of the city. The affected area composed with residential and industrial activities consists in a domain which has never been flooded in such extend within the past. The creation of the access structures and their default during the flood have affected the protection purpose of several structures including the railway track. The inundation of Arles – Tarascon area was created by the failure of the access structures which have been realized without following the design hypothesis defined since 1858. This event demonstrates the difficulty to maintain the consistency and the use of design rules regarding exceptional events. In addition, the experience faced by 10000 persons underlines the necessity to develop a risk culture in all sectors potentially concerned by flooding including behind protection works.Début décembre 2003, le grand quart sud-est de la France a été touché par plusieurs épisodes pluvieux intenses qui ont affecté une très large surface du bassin versant du Rhône. Ces précipitations ont générés des crues de caractères exceptionnels pour les fleuves méditerranéens des Bouches-du-Rhône à l’Hérault et ont exposé les populations à de graves inondations. Entre le 2 et le 5 décembre 2003, le Rhône a connu une crue exceptionnelle estimée à 11500m3/ s à Beaucaire. Cet événement a causé des dégâts très importants en particulier dans le secteur de Tarascon et Arles qui a subi les dommages les plus importants. Dans ce secteur, l’inondation a été provoquée par la défaillance des trémies de deux passages souterrains situés sous le remblai de la voie ferrée construite en 1845. Les volumes se sont répandus dans la plaine du Trébon, en direction d’Arles et de Tarascon. Le secteur touché par l’inondation correspond à un domaine urbain et industriel qui n’avait historiquement jamais connu de phénomène d’une telle cette ampleur. La réalisation des passages souterrains et la défaillance de leur protection ont remis en cause la fonction de plusieurs ouvrages de protection. L’inondation du secteur Arles – Tarascon a été causée par la défaillance trémies dont la conception n’a pas respecté les hypothèses de dimensionnement habituellement utilisées depuis 1858. Cet évènement démontre la difficulté de maintenir et d’assurer dans le temps le respect des règles de dimensionnements. De même, cette inondation subie par plus de 10000 personnes impose d’intégrer une information à propos de ce type d’évènement dans les secteurs protégés par des ouvrages.Gourbesville Philippe, Laborde Jean-Pierre, Batica Jelena. Vulnérabilité et risque lors des crues extrêmes : la crue du Rhône de 2003 dans le secteur Arles - Tarascon. In: Evénements extrêmes fluviaux et maritimes. Leurs variabilités spatiales et chronologiques dans l'ouest de l’Europe. 34èmes journées de l’hydraulique Paris, 1 et 2 février 2012. 2012
Methodology for flood resilience assessment in urban environments and mitigation strategy development
No full textInondations qui se produisent dans les zones urbaines sont régies par une fréquence accrue. Structures de protection contre les inondations existantes démontrent ses inconvénients. Une des solutions est émouvant de culture du risque et de trouver l'équilibre entre la forme de l'utilisation des terres et de l'urbanisation grâce à des stratégies d'adaptation, d'atténuation, de prévention et intervention et de rétablissement. La nouvelle approche globale est basée sur le concept de résilience donner une nouvelle place pour le développement et la mise en œuvre de nouvelles approches en vertu de gestion des risques d'inondation (FRM) cadres existants. Ajout de résilience à la gestion des risques d'inondation est une première étape. Grâce à une gestion des risques d'inondation opérationnelle a pour la résilience des prestations. L'indice résilience Flood (FRI) est développé dans cette thèse est une approche unique pour l'évaluation de la résistance aux inondations dans les systèmes urbains avec la priorité principale de la structure du système lorsque l'évaluation se fait sur les micro et méso échelle et sur la dimension du système lorsque la résistance aux inondations est évaluée sur macro échelle. La réflexion est mise sur le développement de la méthode par l'évaluation de la gestion des risques d'inondation existants (FRM) cadres. Grâce à l'évaluation, il est possible de constater le niveau d'intégration et de mise en œuvre de l'élément essentiel du risque d'inondation. La méthode développée pour l'évaluation de la résistance aux inondations est potentiellement applicable à tout système urbain à une échelle géographique.Floods that happen in urban areas are governed by increased frequency. Existing flood defence structures demonstrate its downsides. One of the solutions is moving to risk culture and finding the balance between the shape of land use and urbanization through adaptation, mitigation, prevention, and response and recovery strategies. The new holistic approach is based on resilience concept give a place for new development and implementation of new approaches under existing flood risk management (FRM) frameworks. Adding resilience to flood risk management is a first step. The Flood Resilience Index (FRI) is developed in this thesis is a unique approach for evaluation of flood resilience in urban systems with the main priority on system structure when evaluation is done on micro and meso scale and on system dimension when flood resilience is evaluated on macro scale. The main reflection is on the development of method by evaluation of existing flood risk management (FRM) frameworks. Through evaluation, there is a possibility to notice the level of integration and implementation of crucial element of flood risk. The developed method for evaluation of flood resilience is potentially applicable to any urban system of any geographic scale. Connections and dependences between main city elements and natural hazards (in this case urban flooding process) are defined. With its implementation, social, economical, political and cultural relations between cities will be more visible and better established and flood risk management well implemented
Méthodologie pour l'évaluation de la résilience urbaine face aux crues et développement des stratégies de prévention
No full textFloods that happen in urban areas are governed by increased frequency. Existing flood defence structures demonstrate its downsides. One of the solutions is moving to risk culture and finding the balance between the shape of land use and urbanization through adaptation, mitigation, prevention, and response and recovery strategies. The new holistic approach is based on resilience concept give a place for new development and implementation of new approaches under existing flood risk management (FRM) frameworks. Adding resilience to flood risk management is a first step. The Flood Resilience Index (FRI) is developed in this thesis is a unique approach for evaluation of flood resilience in urban systems with the main priority on system structure when evaluation is done on micro and meso scale and on system dimension when flood resilience is evaluated on macro scale. The main reflection is on the development of method by evaluation of existing flood risk management (FRM) frameworks. Through evaluation, there is a possibility to notice the level of integration and implementation of crucial element of flood risk. The developed method for evaluation of flood resilience is potentially applicable to any urban system of any geographic scale. Connections and dependences between main city elements and natural hazards (in this case urban flooding process) are defined. With its implementation, social, economical, political and cultural relations between cities will be more visible and better established and flood risk management well implemented.Inondations qui se produisent dans les zones urbaines sont régies par une fréquence accrue. Structures de protection contre les inondations existantes démontrent ses inconvénients. Une des solutions est émouvant de culture du risque et de trouver l'équilibre entre la forme de l'utilisation des terres et de l'urbanisation grâce à des stratégies d'adaptation, d'atténuation, de prévention et intervention et de rétablissement. La nouvelle approche globale est basée sur le concept de résilience donner une nouvelle place pour le développement et la mise en œuvre de nouvelles approches en vertu de gestion des risques d'inondation (FRM) cadres existants. Ajout de résilience à la gestion des risques d'inondation est une première étape. Grâce à une gestion des risques d'inondation opérationnelle a pour la résilience des prestations. L'indice résilience Flood (FRI) est développé dans cette thèse est une approche unique pour l'évaluation de la résistance aux inondations dans les systèmes urbains avec la priorité principale de la structure du système lorsque l'évaluation se fait sur les micro et méso échelle et sur la dimension du système lorsque la résistance aux inondations est évaluée sur macro échelle. La réflexion est mise sur le développement de la méthode par l'évaluation de la gestion des risques d'inondation existants (FRM) cadres. Grâce à l'évaluation, il est possible de constater le niveau d'intégration et de mise en œuvre de l'élément essentiel du risque d'inondation. La méthode développée pour l'évaluation de la résistance aux inondations est potentiellement applicable à tout système urbain à une échelle géographique
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Urban Scale Uncertainty for Runoff Generation. Case study Nice, France
No full textThe runoff in urban areas is related with high uncertainty due to small spatial soil variability’s (soil properties), temporal variability’s (variations in rainfall intensity) and topographical variability’s. The paper focuses on different topography used in runoff generation. The obtained results present runoff generation in the case study area using different digital terrain models. The results show significantly different flood depth with respect to used digital elevation models that include buildings and transportation network and the models that do not include buildings. Simplification of high resolution of LiDAR Digital Surface Model (DSM) is done by re-sampling original 2x2m grid to larger size. The flow model is developed using MIKE21. The analysed urban area is represented by urban geometry created in ArcGis 10 and MIKE21. Chosen case study area is located in south east area of France. This Mediterranean city is characterized with high precipitation episodes that present a risk to the build environment and population. Within CORFU FP7 project these characteristics are analyzed and presented in order to analyze the flood risk, improve the existing flood risk management and rise up flood resilience.Batica Jelena, Gourbesville Philippe. Urban Scale Uncertainty for Runoff Generation. Case study Nice, France. In: SimHydro 2014. New Trends in Simulation. 11-13 June 2014 Ecole Polytech’ Nice (France) 2014
Flood Resilience Index - Methodology And Application
Get PDFIn recent years the number of people affected by flooding processes increases up to the point where the organisational structure of urban communities threatens to experience the significant direct and indirect damages. The vulnerability to flooding processes due to sophisticated assets is high and the assessment of flood resilience becomes the main direction to follow within integrated flood risk management. This paper takes a first step in bringing resilience in integrated flood risk management through a framework that is employing five dimensions in order to evaluate the level of disturbance and ability to preserve and functioning during and after the flooding processes on one side and connected with the flood risk management cycle on the other side. The method recognises different scales and functions within the urban system. The application is done on city of Nice taking into account existing flooding processes, economic, social and institutional characteristics
Resilience in Flood Risk Management – A New Communication Tool
No full textAbstractNatural hazards, floods especially nowadays stand as the most frequent one posing huge damages to urban environment and urban communities. The need to reshape existing urban systems and make them able to accept a certain level of disturbance becomes important. Knowing that urban systems have dynamic characteristic and that the changes are visible on daily level regarding new technologies brings a different light to evaluation of flood vulnerability and flood resilience. New trends and more sophisticated assets are not designed to accept disturbance of natural hazards, at least not all of them. This puts evaluation of flood resilience and flood vulnerability as one of focal factors in process of reshaping build environment, reducing vulnerability, preparing urban communities to accept flooding and to create flood friendly environment. Introduction of a new concept to stakeholders stand as a challenge for flood professionals. A developed tool enables evaluation of flood resilience index for whole urban system. Beside the build environment, stakeholders need education and organization. Proposed presentation enables better communication with the key stakeholders. This paper focuses on analysis of urban systems in Europe and in Asia. The method is a research outcome obtained within projects CORFU and PEARL (www.corfu7.eu; http://www.pearl-fp7.eu/). The research focuses also on examination of present flood management strategies and their effectiveness in decreasing flood damage and evaluation of flood resilience
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