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The Effect of Sentence Contexts on Second Language Word Recognition
No full textThis dissertation consists of three experiments testing various aspects of sentence processing in non-native English speakers. Experiment 1 tested the effect of constraining sentence context on word recognition time (RT) in the first and second language. English language learners (L2) and English native speakers (L1) performed self-paced reading and listening tasks to see whether a semantically-rich preceding context would lead to the activation of a probable upcoming word prior to encountering it. The pre-access prediction model (e.g., Altmann & Kamide, 1999; McClelland & Rumelhart, 1981) posits that when the preceding context is semantically high-constraining, the perceptual system anticipates a probable upcoming word prior to encountering it. In contrast, the post-access model (e.g., Fodor, 1983; Forster, 1981; Traxler et al., 2000; Van Petten & Luka, 2012) suggests that it is only after a word is encountered that a subsequent process integrates it into the preceding context. The integration process is easier and faster when the word is more congruent with the preceding context. In line with these two models of visual word recognition, auditory word recognition is modeled by the Trace Model (McClelland & Elman, 1986) which suggests that spoken word is influenced by the preceding sentence context whereas models such as the Cohort Model (Marslen-Wilson, 1984) supports post-access integration process. Regarding L2 processing, some studies observed a facilitative effect of sentence context on L2 word recognition (e.g., Kamide, 2003) while others found no effect of sentence context in L2 (e.g., Ito et al., 2017; Martin et al., 2013). In the present experiment, the RTs of English native speakers (L1) and English non-native speakers (L2) were collected in both visual vs. auditory word recognition in semantically high-constraint sentences and semantically low-constraint sentences.
A linear mixed effects model showed that both groups of participants were faster on a word when it was proceeded by a semantically high-constraining context. This result was observed in both the visual and the auditory modalities, lending some support for a mechanism facilitating access of target words based on sentence context in both L1 and L2.
Experiment 2 also investigated the effect of a constraining sentence context on word recognition, but the target words have multiple meanings (e.g., bank: [1] a financial institution, [2] an edge of a river/lake). A self-paced reading task was performed by both English L1 and L2 participants, in which all sentences were biased for the secondary meaning (i.e., bank as an edge of a river/lake). The results showed that L1 participants were able to use the constraining context to activate the secondary meaning, but L2 participants had some difficulty in activating the secondary meaning even when the preceding context was biased for it. The results of the L1 participants are compatible with the Reordered Access Model (Duffy, Kambe, & Rayner, 2001; Duffy, Morris, & Rayner, 1988; Sheridan, Reingold, & Daneman, 2009) in that a preceding biasing context leads to an activation of the secondary meaning equal to that of the primary meaning. However, the results of the L2 participants are not compatible with this model’s explanation.
Experiment 3 tested the recognition process of L2 words in formulaic sequences whose co-occurrence happens more often than by chance (e.g., The new job requires a teacher who is highly qualified) compared to a combination that sounds less natural (e.g., The new job requires a teacher who is hugely qualified) in a sentence context. Based on the Associative Relatedness Model (Postman & Keppel, 1970) that underlies the Spreading Activation theory (Collins & Loftus, 1975), a facilitative recognition of a target word occurs as a result of activation from an associated word. Thus, this experiment tested whether L2 speakers are sensitive to the less natural co-occurrence formulaic sequence in the same way as L1 speakers. Both language groups performed a self-paced reading task. The results showed that the RTs of L1 participants on the target word (e.g., qualified in the above example) is significantly longer in the less natural combination compared to the natural one. However, the RTs of L2 participants on both combination types were not significantly different from one another, although the L2 participants were able to detect the less natural combination in the post-experiment test. This result indicates a difference in processing between the declarative knowledge (i.e., the stored facts) and the procedural processing (i.e., putting the stored knowledge into action), which is more compatible with the declarative/procedural model proposed by Ullman (2001).
The final part of this dissertation discusses some general aspects of L2 word processing when embedded in sentence contexts and some points to consider when conducting such tasks with non-native speakers.Release after 01/14/202
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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