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Phenotypic properties and antibiotic resistance of Ralstonia pickettii strains from high-purity water systems
No full textStudije o antimikrobnoj osjetljivosti i sustavnom praćenju Ralstonia pickettii u bolničkom okruženju vrlo su ograničene jednako kao i istraživanja okolišnih izolata R. pickettii, posebice na većem broju izolata. Ispitivanje rezistencije R. pickettii na antibiotike nije standardizirano. Ovo ispitivanje provedeno je s ciljem utvrđivanja svojstava i osjetljivosti na antibiotike izolata R. pickettii s područja Republike Hrvatske. U petogodišnjem periodu prikupljen je 81 izolat s dva geografska područje RH, iz različitih industrijskih sustava za farmaceutsku ultračistu vodu i laboratorijsku pročišćenu vodu. Osjetljivost na antibiotike ispitana je E-testom i disk difuzijskim testom. Lančanom reakcijom polimeraze ispitano je prisustvo gena blaOXA22 i blaOXA60 za oksacilinaze, gena blaIMP, blaVIM, i blaNDM za metalo-β-laktamazu, gena blaOXA48 za hidrolizirajuću karbapenemazu, gena armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtD za 16S rRNA metil-transferaze i gena aac(3’)-II, aac(6’)-Ib, aph(3′)-Ia, ant(2′′) za aminoglikozid-modificirajuće enzime. Metodom konjugacije nije dokazan prijenos gena rezistencije na meropenem i gentamicin s R. pickettii na primatelja E. coli J53 koja je bila osjetljiva na ta dva antibiotika, a rezistentna na natrijev azid. Gel elektroforezom u pulsirajućem polju dobivena je velika srodnost izolata i identificirana su tri glavna klastera koji sadrže podklastere. Dobiveni su različiti profili osjetljivosti/otpornosti. Većina izolata bila je otporna na kolistin, aztreonam, ertapenem, aminoglikozide i meropenem. Visoke stope rezistencije uočene su i kod tikarcilin/klavulanske kiseline, tikarcilina, amoksicilin/klavulanske kiseline i ampicilina. S druge strane ispitivani izolati su pokazali visoke stope osjetljivosti na tetracikline, tigeciklin, trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol, imipenem, cefepime, cefaleksin, cefoksitin, cefotaksim, piperacilin-tazobaktam, ciprofloksacin, ceftazidime i piperacilin. Modificirani Hodge test bio je pozitivan u 51,9% izolata. Gen blaOXA22 je otkriven u 37,0% izolata, a gen blaOXA60 u 80,3% izolata. Tako visoka prisutnost gena blaOXA22 i blaOXA60 ukazuje kako "sterilna" voda može predstavljati golemi rezervoar gena rezistencije koji se, onda primjenom iste, mogu prenijeti u kliničko okruženje i predstavljati prijetnju uspješnom liječenju infekcija. Nisu detektirani geni za metalo-β-laktamaze, karbapenemaze, najčešće 16S rRNA metil-transferaze niti za aminoglikozid-modificirajuće enzime. U izolatima je dokazano prisustvo endotoksina. Dokazana je pokretljivost plivanja i trzanja, proizvodnja izvan stanične polimerne supstance te sposobnost proizvodnje biofilma. R. pickettii treba shvatiti ozbiljno kao mogućeg uzročnika nozokomijalnih infekcija kako bi se osigurala odgovarajuća terapija, spriječio razvoj rezistentnih sojeva i smanjila mogućnost njezinog preživljavanja u sustavima za čistu, ultra čistu i laboratorijsku pročišćenu vodu.Studies on antimicrobial susceptibility and systematic monitoring of Ralstonia pickettii in the hospital environment are very limited, as well as research on environmental isolates of R. pickettii, especially on a larger number of isolates. The aim of this study was to determine the properties and antibiotic susceptibility of R. pickettii isolates from the Republic of Croatia. In a five-year period, 81 isolates were collected from two geographical areas of the Republic of Croatia, from different industrial systems for pharmaceutical ultrapure water and laboratory purified water. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by E-test and disk diffusion test. The presence of genes blaOXA22 and blaOXA60 for oxacillinases, genes blaIMP, blaVIM, and blaNDM for metallo-β-lactamase, gene blaOXA48 for hydrolyzing carbapenemase, genes armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtD for 16S rRNA methyltransferases and genes aac(3')-II, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3′)-Ia, ant(2′′) for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes was tested by polymerase chain reaction. The modified Hodge test was positive in 51.9% of the isolates. The blaOXA22 gene was detected in 37.0%, and blaOXA60 gene in 80.3% isolates. Genes for metallo-β-lactamases, carbapenemases, the most common 16S rRNA methyl-transferases and aminoglycoside modifying enzymes were not detected. The conjugation method did not detected transfer of resistance genes to the meropenem and gentamicin from R. pickettii to the recipient E. coli J53, which was sensitive to those two antibiotics and resistant to sodium azide. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed high relatedness of the isolates and three major clusters containing subclusters were identified. Different susceptibility/resistance profiles were detected. Most isolates were resistant to colistin, aztreonam, ertapenem, aminoglycosides and meropenem. High rates of resistance were also observed for ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, ticarcillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin. On the other hand, the tested isolates showed high susceptibility rates to tetracycline, tigecycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, imipenem, cefepime, cephalexin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and piperacillin. High presence of blaOXA22 and blaOXA60 genes indicates that "sterile" water can represent a large reservoir of resistance genes. When such water is used in clinical setting, it could pose a threat to the successful treatment of infections. The presence of endotoxin was detected. Swimming and twitching motility, the production of extracellular polymeric substances and the ability to produce biofilms were confirmed. R. pickettii should be taken seriously as a possible cause of nosocomial infections to ensure adequate therapy, to prevent the development of resistant strains and to reduce the survival of R. pickettii in clean and ultra clean water systems
Phenotypic properties and antibiotic resistance of Ralstonia pickettii strains from high-purity water systems
No full textStudije o antimikrobnoj osjetljivosti i sustavnom praćenju Ralstonia pickettii u bolničkom okruženju vrlo su ograničene jednako kao i istraživanja okolišnih izolata R. pickettii, posebice na većem broju izolata. Ispitivanje rezistencije R. pickettii na antibiotike nije standardizirano. Ovo ispitivanje provedeno je s ciljem utvrđivanja svojstava i osjetljivosti na antibiotike izolata R. pickettii s područja Republike Hrvatske. U petogodišnjem periodu prikupljen je 81 izolat s dva geografska područje RH, iz različitih industrijskih sustava za farmaceutsku ultračistu vodu i laboratorijsku pročišćenu vodu. Osjetljivost na antibiotike ispitana je E-testom i disk difuzijskim testom. Lančanom reakcijom polimeraze ispitano je prisustvo gena blaOXA22 i blaOXA60 za oksacilinaze, gena blaIMP, blaVIM, i blaNDM za metalo-β-laktamazu, gena blaOXA48 za hidrolizirajuću karbapenemazu, gena armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtD za 16S rRNA metil-transferaze i gena aac(3’)-II, aac(6’)-Ib, aph(3′)-Ia, ant(2′′) za aminoglikozid-modificirajuće enzime. Metodom konjugacije nije dokazan prijenos gena rezistencije na meropenem i gentamicin s R. pickettii na primatelja E. coli J53 koja je bila osjetljiva na ta dva antibiotika, a rezistentna na natrijev azid. Gel elektroforezom u pulsirajućem polju dobivena je velika srodnost izolata i identificirana su tri glavna klastera koji sadrže podklastere. Dobiveni su različiti profili osjetljivosti/otpornosti. Većina izolata bila je otporna na kolistin, aztreonam, ertapenem, aminoglikozide i meropenem. Visoke stope rezistencije uočene su i kod tikarcilin/klavulanske kiseline, tikarcilina, amoksicilin/klavulanske kiseline i ampicilina. S druge strane ispitivani izolati su pokazali visoke stope osjetljivosti na tetracikline, tigeciklin, trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol, imipenem, cefepime, cefaleksin, cefoksitin, cefotaksim, piperacilin-tazobaktam, ciprofloksacin, ceftazidime i piperacilin. Modificirani Hodge test bio je pozitivan u 51,9% izolata. Gen blaOXA22 je otkriven u 37,0% izolata, a gen blaOXA60 u 80,3% izolata. Tako visoka prisutnost gena blaOXA22 i blaOXA60 ukazuje kako "sterilna" voda može predstavljati golemi rezervoar gena rezistencije koji se, onda primjenom iste, mogu prenijeti u kliničko okruženje i predstavljati prijetnju uspješnom liječenju infekcija. Nisu detektirani geni za metalo-β-laktamaze, karbapenemaze, najčešće 16S rRNA metil-transferaze niti za aminoglikozid-modificirajuće enzime. U izolatima je dokazano prisustvo endotoksina. Dokazana je pokretljivost plivanja i trzanja, proizvodnja izvan stanične polimerne supstance te sposobnost proizvodnje biofilma. R. pickettii treba shvatiti ozbiljno kao mogućeg uzročnika nozokomijalnih infekcija kako bi se osigurala odgovarajuća terapija, spriječio razvoj rezistentnih sojeva i smanjila mogućnost njezinog preživljavanja u sustavima za čistu, ultra čistu i laboratorijsku pročišćenu vodu.Studies on antimicrobial susceptibility and systematic monitoring of Ralstonia pickettii in the hospital environment are very limited, as well as research on environmental isolates of R. pickettii, especially on a larger number of isolates. The aim of this study was to determine the properties and antibiotic susceptibility of R. pickettii isolates from the Republic of Croatia. In a five-year period, 81 isolates were collected from two geographical areas of the Republic of Croatia, from different industrial systems for pharmaceutical ultrapure water and laboratory purified water. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by E-test and disk diffusion test. The presence of genes blaOXA22 and blaOXA60 for oxacillinases, genes blaIMP, blaVIM, and blaNDM for metallo-β-lactamase, gene blaOXA48 for hydrolyzing carbapenemase, genes armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtD for 16S rRNA methyltransferases and genes aac(3')-II, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3′)-Ia, ant(2′′) for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes was tested by polymerase chain reaction. The modified Hodge test was positive in 51.9% of the isolates. The blaOXA22 gene was detected in 37.0%, and blaOXA60 gene in 80.3% isolates. Genes for metallo-β-lactamases, carbapenemases, the most common 16S rRNA methyl-transferases and aminoglycoside modifying enzymes were not detected. The conjugation method did not detected transfer of resistance genes to the meropenem and gentamicin from R. pickettii to the recipient E. coli J53, which was sensitive to those two antibiotics and resistant to sodium azide. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed high relatedness of the isolates and three major clusters containing subclusters were identified. Different susceptibility/resistance profiles were detected. Most isolates were resistant to colistin, aztreonam, ertapenem, aminoglycosides and meropenem. High rates of resistance were also observed for ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, ticarcillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin. On the other hand, the tested isolates showed high susceptibility rates to tetracycline, tigecycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, imipenem, cefepime, cephalexin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and piperacillin. High presence of blaOXA22 and blaOXA60 genes indicates that "sterile" water can represent a large reservoir of resistance genes. When such water is used in clinical setting, it could pose a threat to the successful treatment of infections. The presence of endotoxin was detected. Swimming and twitching motility, the production of extracellular polymeric substances and the ability to produce biofilms were confirmed. R. pickettii should be taken seriously as a possible cause of nosocomial infections to ensure adequate therapy, to prevent the development of resistant strains and to reduce the survival of R. pickettii in clean and ultra clean water systems
Phenotypic properties and antibiotic resistance of Ralstonia pickettii strains from high-purity water systems
No full textStudije o antimikrobnoj osjetljivosti i sustavnom praćenju Ralstonia pickettii u bolničkom okruženju vrlo su ograničene jednako kao i istraživanja okolišnih izolata R. pickettii, posebice na većem broju izolata. Ispitivanje rezistencije R. pickettii na antibiotike nije standardizirano. Ovo ispitivanje provedeno je s ciljem utvrđivanja svojstava i osjetljivosti na antibiotike izolata R. pickettii s područja Republike Hrvatske. U petogodišnjem periodu prikupljen je 81 izolat s dva geografska područje RH, iz različitih industrijskih sustava za farmaceutsku ultračistu vodu i laboratorijsku pročišćenu vodu. Osjetljivost na antibiotike ispitana je E-testom i disk difuzijskim testom. Lančanom reakcijom polimeraze ispitano je prisustvo gena blaOXA22 i blaOXA60 za oksacilinaze, gena blaIMP, blaVIM, i blaNDM za metalo-β-laktamazu, gena blaOXA48 za hidrolizirajuću karbapenemazu, gena armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtD za 16S rRNA metil-transferaze i gena aac(3’)-II, aac(6’)-Ib, aph(3′)-Ia, ant(2′′) za aminoglikozid-modificirajuće enzime. Metodom konjugacije nije dokazan prijenos gena rezistencije na meropenem i gentamicin s R. pickettii na primatelja E. coli J53 koja je bila osjetljiva na ta dva antibiotika, a rezistentna na natrijev azid. Gel elektroforezom u pulsirajućem polju dobivena je velika srodnost izolata i identificirana su tri glavna klastera koji sadrže podklastere. Dobiveni su različiti profili osjetljivosti/otpornosti. Većina izolata bila je otporna na kolistin, aztreonam, ertapenem, aminoglikozide i meropenem. Visoke stope rezistencije uočene su i kod tikarcilin/klavulanske kiseline, tikarcilina, amoksicilin/klavulanske kiseline i ampicilina. S druge strane ispitivani izolati su pokazali visoke stope osjetljivosti na tetracikline, tigeciklin, trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol, imipenem, cefepime, cefaleksin, cefoksitin, cefotaksim, piperacilin-tazobaktam, ciprofloksacin, ceftazidime i piperacilin. Modificirani Hodge test bio je pozitivan u 51,9% izolata. Gen blaOXA22 je otkriven u 37,0% izolata, a gen blaOXA60 u 80,3% izolata. Tako visoka prisutnost gena blaOXA22 i blaOXA60 ukazuje kako "sterilna" voda može predstavljati golemi rezervoar gena rezistencije koji se, onda primjenom iste, mogu prenijeti u kliničko okruženje i predstavljati prijetnju uspješnom liječenju infekcija. Nisu detektirani geni za metalo-β-laktamaze, karbapenemaze, najčešće 16S rRNA metil-transferaze niti za aminoglikozid-modificirajuće enzime. U izolatima je dokazano prisustvo endotoksina. Dokazana je pokretljivost plivanja i trzanja, proizvodnja izvan stanične polimerne supstance te sposobnost proizvodnje biofilma. R. pickettii treba shvatiti ozbiljno kao mogućeg uzročnika nozokomijalnih infekcija kako bi se osigurala odgovarajuća terapija, spriječio razvoj rezistentnih sojeva i smanjila mogućnost njezinog preživljavanja u sustavima za čistu, ultra čistu i laboratorijsku pročišćenu vodu.Studies on antimicrobial susceptibility and systematic monitoring of Ralstonia pickettii in the hospital environment are very limited, as well as research on environmental isolates of R. pickettii, especially on a larger number of isolates. The aim of this study was to determine the properties and antibiotic susceptibility of R. pickettii isolates from the Republic of Croatia. In a five-year period, 81 isolates were collected from two geographical areas of the Republic of Croatia, from different industrial systems for pharmaceutical ultrapure water and laboratory purified water. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by E-test and disk diffusion test. The presence of genes blaOXA22 and blaOXA60 for oxacillinases, genes blaIMP, blaVIM, and blaNDM for metallo-β-lactamase, gene blaOXA48 for hydrolyzing carbapenemase, genes armA, rmtA, rmtB, rmtD for 16S rRNA methyltransferases and genes aac(3')-II, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3′)-Ia, ant(2′′) for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes was tested by polymerase chain reaction. The modified Hodge test was positive in 51.9% of the isolates. The blaOXA22 gene was detected in 37.0%, and blaOXA60 gene in 80.3% isolates. Genes for metallo-β-lactamases, carbapenemases, the most common 16S rRNA methyl-transferases and aminoglycoside modifying enzymes were not detected. The conjugation method did not detected transfer of resistance genes to the meropenem and gentamicin from R. pickettii to the recipient E. coli J53, which was sensitive to those two antibiotics and resistant to sodium azide. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed high relatedness of the isolates and three major clusters containing subclusters were identified. Different susceptibility/resistance profiles were detected. Most isolates were resistant to colistin, aztreonam, ertapenem, aminoglycosides and meropenem. High rates of resistance were also observed for ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, ticarcillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ampicillin. On the other hand, the tested isolates showed high susceptibility rates to tetracycline, tigecycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, imipenem, cefepime, cephalexin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and piperacillin. High presence of blaOXA22 and blaOXA60 genes indicates that "sterile" water can represent a large reservoir of resistance genes. When such water is used in clinical setting, it could pose a threat to the successful treatment of infections. The presence of endotoxin was detected. Swimming and twitching motility, the production of extracellular polymeric substances and the ability to produce biofilms were confirmed. R. pickettii should be taken seriously as a possible cause of nosocomial infections to ensure adequate therapy, to prevent the development of resistant strains and to reduce the survival of R. pickettii in clean and ultra clean water systems
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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