28 research outputs found
Ketidakadilan perjanjian kewangan IMF: kesan ke atas negara-negara anggota OIC
No full textDengan hampir kesemua negara-negara anggota OIC merupakan negara berpendapatan rendah atau negara berpendapatan sederhana, masalah kewangan terus menjadi satu halangan yang serius terhadap segala usaha-usaha pembangunan dan perkembangan ekonomi.Sebagai jalan penyelesaiannya,negara-negara anggota OIC meminta bantuan kewangan daripada Tabung Kewangan Dunia (IMF). IMF,dengan kerjasama Bank Dunia menyediakan bantuan kewangan kepada negara-negara yang memerlukan tetapi mengenakan ideologi ekonomi bercorak neoliberal atau meletakkan agenda tertentu sebagai syarat asas penerimaan wang bantuan tersebut. Kajian ini bertujuan membuktikan impak negatif syarat-syarat asas int ke atas negara-negara anggota OIC melalui program penyesuaian struktural. Kedua, kajian ini membincangkan program penghapusan hutang oleh IMF dan implikasinya terhadap negara-negara anggota OIC terutamanya yang berstatus miskin serta berat beban hutang (IiIPCs). Ketiga, kajian ini juga meninjau bagaimana IMF mengarahkan negara-negara OIC untuk menyandarkan matawang mereka ke atas dolar Amerika dan ini memudahkan aktiviti-aktiviti spekulasi matawang dilakukan. Akhirnya, penulisan ini mendedahkan bagaimana ketidakadilan perjanjian kewangan IMF ini tidak menguntungkan negara-negara anggota OIC dan umat Islam di serata dunia serta mengapa tindakan drastik harus diambil oleh OIC bagi menangani situasi ini
Perjanjian perdagangan di bawah WTO: isu-isu yang mengundang ketidakadilan kepada negara-negara anggota OIC
No full textUsaha meliberalisasikan perdagangan dunia ditangani sepenuhnya oleh Badan Perdagangan Dunia (WTO) yang bertanggungjawab atas urusan pentadbiran dan perlaksanaan perjanjian perdagangan multilateral dan perundingan. Implementasi perjanjian perdagangan WTO ini sudah semestinya memberikan kesan kepada struktur perdagangan di negara-negara anggota OIC yang tidak bersedia untuk mengadaptasi sistem baru perdagangan antarabangsa ini secara menyeluruh disebabkan kekangan kewangan dan kekurangan pakar. Oleh itu, penulisan ini akan memberikan tumpuan kepada tiga isu utama di bawah Perjanjian WTO yang memberikan implikasi tidak adil terhadap negaranegara Islam. Pertamanya, akan ditinjau bagaimana klausa anti-lambakan dijadikan tembok perlindungan industri domestik negara-negara maju dan mengancam eksport negara-negara anggota OIC di pasaran antarabangsa. Keduanya, sekatan perdagangan untuk negara-negara Islam melalui peruntukan standard SPS (the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement) yang menyaksikan eksport negara-negara anggota OIC dilayan sebagai kelas kedua dan ketiganya, persoalan subsidi pertanian negara-negara maju yang mengancam masa depan jutaan umat Islam yang bergantung hidup kepada eksport pertanian. Akhirnya, penulisan ini akan memperlihatkan bagaimana isu-isu ini nyata sekali mengancam nasib umat Islam dan langkah-langkah yang OIC wajib lakukan dengan segera untuk mengatasi isu-isu ketidakadilan ini
Pelan pembangunan Bank Dunia di negara-negara Islam: Ketidakadilan dari perspektif bantuan asing dan penswastaan projek air bersih
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Irregular Migrations in Southeast Asia: Challenges for Protection and Migration Policy
Get PDFThe region of Southeast Asia is extremely diverse in terms of culture, language, ethnicity, economic development, forms of government and degrees of political freedom. Migration of all types has played and continues to play a crucial role in the political economy of the region and is central to the contemporary economies of all of the states within it. In terms of protection and migration policy analyses, Southeast Asia is often folded into the larger ‘regions’ of Asia, the Asia-Pacific, or a hybrid sub-region consisting of East and Southeast Asia, depending on the type of migration, and the policy issues under consideration Given the diversity of migration dynamics in Southeast Asia that could be considered within this paper, this article focus primarily on challenges for protection and policies concerning irregular migration, both because of the growing economic importance and political impact of irregular migration
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA: THE WAY FORWARD AND CHALLENGES IN THE MODERN ERA
No full textABSTRACT
The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development or “Earth Summit” that was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil had established Agenda 21 which contain the blueprint for sustainability in the 21st century. Malaysia, in achieving the 21 Agenda had formulated initiatives and efforts to achieve the objective of sustainable development in all aspects, particularly social, economy and environment. This research analysed steps and efforts taken by government to achieve target of Vision 2020 to be a fully developed nation in terms of economy, social justice, political stability, quality of life and social values. Other than that, this research analysed the challenges and dilemma faced by Malaysia that can hinder Malaysia to achieve the sustainable development holistically and recommendations to overcome this challenges and dilemma.
Keywords: Sustainable development, Malaysia, Agenda 21, challenges
Pelan pembangunan bank dunia di negara-negara Islam: ketidakadilan dari perspektif bantuan asing dan penswastaan projek air bersih
No full textMany Muslim countries face challenges of massive poverty, slow GDP, low level of education and insufficient public health systems. The governments in these countries do not have sufficient capital resources to eradicate poverty and prevent deaths from preventable causes. Hence, the World Bank together with developed countries have been providing financial assistance to majority Muslim countries for over half a century in an attempt to improve living conditions of the people. However, this paper attempts to explore unfairness of foreign aid on a Muslim country’s overall including on political institutions. Secondly, this paper presents a discussion on how the World Bank prescribes water privatisation and full recovery cost as conditions for their loans to Muslim country governments for the creation and expansion of clean water. Finally, this paper unveils how unfairness of the World Bank development plan to many Muslim countries and why Islamic Development Bank (IDB) must take an urgent action to overcome these problem
Ketidakadilan perjanjian kewangan IMF: kesan ke atas negara-negara anggota OIC
No full textFor almost all of the OIC member states, being either low or middle-income economies,
financial problem is a serious obstacle to their development efforts and economic growth.
As a solution, they seek the financial assistance from the International Monetary Fund
(IMF).The IMF, in cooperation with the World Bank, provide financial assistance to them,
but apply a neoliberal economic ideology as a precondition to receiving the assistance.
This article attempts to show the negative impacts of these preconditions on the OIC
member countries. Secondly, it presents a discussion of the IMF’s debt relief program and
its implications on the OIC member countries, particularly for the OIC-Heavily Indebted
Poor Countries (HIPCs). Thirdly, it explores how the IMF has directed the OIC member
countries to peg their currency on the US dollar and thereby open them widely to
speculative activities. Finally, this article unveils how the unfairness of the IMF financial
agreement affects the OIC member countries and the Muslims around the world and why
the OIC must take drastic actions to overcome these situation
Position of ICMW in ASEAN and A Glimpse Into The Philippine Practise on Migration
No full textIn ASEAN, Philippines was among the first to ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers(ICMW) and have the best practice thus far. This article demonstrates that, despite the barriers and incompatibilities with national laws, the Convention, which is primarily a human rights instrument aimed at protecting the fundamental rights of all migrants, could assist ASEAN in ensuring a holistic and sustainable migration management that considers the needs of a whole approach and support from all parties involved, including but not limited to the government. Part I of the article will go through the history of the convention's adoption, followed by Part II on the position of ASEAN's migration policies and practice, Part III will discuss on the Philippines practices on ICMW and Migration management, and Part IV will provide recommendations
De-centrality of ASEAN Law to Address US-China Rivalry in the South China Sea
Get PDFEvolving Southeast Asian geopolitics offer opportunities and risks. Central to the global East-West sea route of communication and rich in land and sea resources, this region has been a geopolitical hub since ancient times. The key question is whether China\u27s strategic actions weaken US-ASEAN relations and has an impact on regional powers. This highlights the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ (ASEAN) importance in regional stability. This study employs qualitative research that collected data through descriptive, analytical, and case studies. ASEAN is facing challenges in effectively handling the rivalry in the Indo-Pacific area. It also has the capability to manage uncertainty within the area. Nevertheless, the “power dilemma”, particularly when significant powers want to alter the circumstances, is unavoidable. The South China Sea Arbitration altered the dynamics of territorial sovereignty. Failure to resolve the territorial dispute may jeopardize the cohesion of ASEAN and have repercussions for all its member states. ASEAN law or legal mechanism, namely ARF, ADMM, Declaration of Conduct, Code of Conduct and UNCLOS faces challenges due to a lack of coherence and a central guiding principle. It is inevitable that influential forces will meddle in regional affairs. These findings imply that ASEAN\u27s law role in integrating Southeast Asian nations and establishing positive international cooperation and strategic partnerships is vital for successfully balancing disruptive forces. ASEAN deploys hedging and enmeshment methods to ensure dynamic alignment possibilities and make strategic adjustments easier when opposing big powers maneuver. Relevant analysis strongly suggests that ASEAN, a regional stability instrument, can influence Sino-US competitiveness
