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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Deposits of foliar-applied herbicides : characterization and relevance for bio-efficacy as evaluated in selected weed species
Get PDFThe main focus is to elucidate and characterize the effect of formulation on the deposition patterns and the consequences for the foliar uptake of herbicides, either through cuticular or stomatal pathways. Glyphosate (Gly) and diquat were chosen as model hydrophilic, systemic or contact foliar applied herbicides. The formulations were prepared either with surfactants or hygroscopic salts. The ethoxylated rapeseed oil (RSO) surfactants of different number of ethylene oxide (EO) units were added to affect the deposition behaviour of active ingredients on the leaves. Likewise, to understand the stomatal uptake process, hygroscopic salts were added to the formulation to induce hydraulic activation of stomata (HAS). The formulation droplets were applied on plant leaves with kinetic energy (from a defined height with a monodroplet generator), and/or without kinetic energy (with a micropipette in contact with the plant surface). Easy-to-wet species, Stellaria media and/or Viola arvensis, and difficult-to-wet species, Setaria viridis and/or Chenopodium album, were selected. The formulation residues were characterized using a scanning electron microscope integrated with/without energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis. Deposit residue, in terms of its pattern or hydraulic activation of stomata, were discussed in relation to foliar uptake of herbicides affecting the biomass or the chlorophyll fluorescence of the tissue. The major results can be summarized as follows- 1. A simple and robust pneumatic monodroplet generator was constructed for drop-on-demand application of aqueous pesticide solutions. Increasing the impulse width and orifice diameter led to an increase in the droplet diameter. In contrast, increased pressure and reduced surface tension of the liquid led to a decreased droplet diameter. With optimum adjustments, monodroplets with diameters ranging from 533 to 1819 µm were generated. 2. The kinetic energy of the droplet had no consistent effect on the deposit structure or the bio-efficacy of Gly formulations. On the other hand, RSO surfactants differing in the number of EO units, affected both the deposit structure and the bio-efficacy of the formulations, depending upon the plant species. In easy-to-wet species, the higher EO units of RSO surfactant failed to affect the deposit area of Gly and its bio-efficacy. But in difficult-to-wet species, higher EO units of RSO surfactant reduced the deposit area of Gly and enhanced its bio-efficacy. 3. The non-significance of RSO surfactant in affecting the area of diquat residue on the easy-to-wet leaves coincided also with its non-significant changes on the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and the herbicide-induced desiccation potential of the leaves. In contrary, on difficult-to-wet leaves, decreased deposit area of diquat droplet was associated with stronger modifications of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and the increased desiccation potential of diquat. 4. Hygroscopic salts led to hydraulic activation of stomata (HAS). Kosmotropic salts (Na2SO4) slightly reduced the surface tension of Gly solution and formed amorphous globular structures of Gly-salt deposit. In contrast, chaotropic salts(NaNO3 or NaClO3) led to strong reduction of the solutions' surface tension and formed a colloidal mixture flowing through periclinal walls and even into the stomata. Kosmotropic Na2SO4 had no impact on the Gly bio-efficacy, but the chaotropic NaNO3 enhanced the Gly bio-efficacy yielding in results equivalent or even better than that obtained with the organosilicone Break Thru S233.Deposition von Blatt-applizierten Herbiziden : Charakterisierung und Bedeutung für die biologische Wirksamkeit, untersucht an ausgewählten Unkrautarten Der Schwerpunkt dieser Studie liegt auf dem Einfluss von Formulierungshilfsmitteln auf die Eigenschaften der Depositionen und deren Auswirkung auf die kutikuläre oder auch stomatäre Aufnahme von Herbiziden. Dazu wurden Glyphosat (Gly) und Diquat als hydrophile, systemische oder bei Kontakt wirkende blatt-applizierte Herbizide als Modellsubstanzen ausgewählt. Die Formulierungen wurden entweder mit Tensiden oder hygroskopisch wirkenden Salzen zubereitet. Das ethoxylierte Rapssamenöl-Tensid (RSO) mit unterschiedlichen Ethylenoxid (EO) Anteilen wurde zugefügt, um die Depositonseigenschaften der Aktivsubstanzen zu beeinflussen. Zum besseren Verständnis der stomatären Aufnahme wurden der Formulierung hygroskopische Salze zugesetzt, um somit die hydraulische Aktivierung der Stomata (HAS) zu induzieren. Die Formulierungströpfchen wurden entweder mit kinetischer Energie (aus definierter Höhe mittels Einzeltropfengenerator) oder ohne kinetische Energie (mittels Mikropipette) appliziert. Als relevante Unkrautarten wurden die leicht zu benetzende Stellaria media und Viola arvensis, sowie die schwer zu benetzende Setaria viridis und Chenopodium album herangezogen. Die Depositionen wurden mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie in Kombination mit der Röntgenstrahlmikroanalyse untersucht. Die Größe der Ablagerungsrückstände sowie die induzierte hydraulische Aktivierung der Stomata wurden in Relation zur Aufnahme des Herbizids durch das Blatt evaluiert. Darüber hinaus wurde die Auswirkung der Ablagerungsrückstände auf die Biomasse und die Chlorophyll-Fluoreszenz des Gewebes diskutiert. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: 1. Für die an dem tatsächlichen Bedarf orientierte, zielgerichtete Applikation von wässrigen Lösungen wurde ein robuster, pneumatischer Einzeltropfengenerator konstruiert. Eine Erhöhung der Impulsweite und des Düsendurchmessers hatte eine Vergrößerung des Tropfendurchmessers zur Folge. Im Gegensatz dazu führten erhöhter Druck und reduzierte Oberflächenspannung der Flüssigkeit zu einer Verringerung des Tröpfchen-Durchmessers. Bei optimaler Anpassung resultierten Einzeltropfen mit einem Durchmesser von 533 bis 1819 μm. 2. Die kinetische Energie der Tröpfchen hatte keinen gleichmäßigen Effekt auf die Ablagerungsstruktur oder die biologische Wirksamkeit der Gly-Formulierungen. RSO Tenside hingegen veränderten mit verschiedenen EO-Anteilen die Ablagerungsstruktur und die biologische Wirksamkeit der Formulierungen in Abhängigkeit von der Pflanzenart. Bei leicht zu benetzenden Unkrautarten hatte der EO-Anteil von RSO-Tensiden keinen Einfluss auf die Depositionsfläche von Gly und seine biologische Wirksamkeit. Bei schwer zu benetzenden Arten führte die Zunahme von EO-Anteilen in RSO-Tensiden zu einer Verringerung der Depositionsfläche von Gly und zu einer Steigerung der biologischen Wirksamkeit. 3. Der nicht signifikante Einfluss von RSO-Tensiden auf die Diquat-Depositionsfläche bei leicht zu benetzenden Blättern stimmte mit den nicht signifikanten Veränderungen der Chlorophyllfluoreszenzparameter und dem Herbizid-induziertem Austrocknungspotenzial der Blätter überein. Im Gegensatz dazu führte eine verringerte Depositionsfläche von Diquat-Tröpfchen zu stärkeren Veränderungen der Chlorophyllfluoreszenzparameter des Gewebes und höherem Austrocknungspotenzial von Diquat. 4. Hygroskopische Salze führten zur hydraulischen Aktivierung der Stomata (HAS). Kosmotropische Salze(Na2SO4) verringerten die Oberflächenspannung der Gly-Lösung geringfügig und resultierten in der Ausbildung von amorphen, kugelförmigen Strukturen von Gly-Salzablagerungen. Im Gegensatz dazu führten chaotropische Salze (NaNO3 or NaClO3) zu einer starken Reduzierung der Oberflächenspannung der Lösung und damit zur Ausbildung kolloidaler Mischungen, welche durch periklinische Zellwände und sogar bis in die Stomata strömten. Kosmotropisches Na2SO4, hatte keinen Einfluss auf die biologische Wirksamkeit von Gly, wohingegen das chaotropische NaNO3 die biologische Wirksamkeit von Gly steigerte und zu einem äquivalenten, wenn nicht sogar besseren Ergebnis führte als bei Zusatz des organosilicone-basierten Adjuvant Break Thru S233
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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