101,575 research outputs found
Maktabat Al Muthanna Baghdad Feb-May 1962
No full textOn the same date, Ali Al-Mansouri issued an official financial statement confirming that the Al-Khanji Foundation owed a total of 11.375.أصدر علي المنصوري بيانًا ماليًا رسميًا بتاريخ 25 نيسان 1962 يُفيد بأن مؤسسة الخانجي مدينة بمبلغ إجمالي قدره 11,375
Design and provisioning of optical wireless data center networks: A traffic grooming approach
No full textTraditional wired data center networks (DCNs) suffer from cabling complexity, lack flexibility, and are limited by the speed of digital switches. In this paper, we alternatively develop a top-down traffic grooming (TG) approach for design and provisioning of optical wireless DCNs. While switches are modeled as hybrid opto-electronic cross-connects, links are modeled as wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) capable free-space optic (FSO) channels. Using the standard TG terminology, we formulate the optimal mixed integer linear problem considering the virtual topology, flow conversation, connection topology, non-bifurcation, and capacity constraints. Thereafter, we develop a fast sub-optimal solution where mice flows (MFs) are groomed and forwarded on predetermined rack-to-rack (R2R) lightpaths. On the other hand, elephant flows (EFs) are forwarded over dedicated server-to-server (S2S) express lightpaths whose routes and capacity are dynamically determined based on wavelength and capacity availability. Emulation results show that proposed models and algorithms provide a significant throughput improvement upon traditional DCNs for both MFs and EFs.</p
A Fish By Any Other Name Would Taste as Sweet: Applied Ethics of Transgenic Fish Commercialization
No full textModern aquaculture has grown into a vital industry over the past half-century, such that it now supplies half of all the fish we consume. Nevertheless, it has been found to cause significant economic, environmental, and health problems, while commercial fishing has led to the decline in wild fish stocks. In response to this dilemma and the growing demand, AquaBounty Technologies has created a genetically modified “AquAdvantage” Atlantic salmon using foreign genetic elements from the ocean pout and Chinook Pacific salmon, in hopes of improving their fish farming efficiency. These modifications allow the AquAdvantage salmon to grow twice as fast as their domesticated counterparts and four times as fast as their wild brethren.
The recent approval for commercialization of the AquAdvantage salmon as the first genetically modified animal by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the U.S. market has sparked substantial controversy, with no small number of people urging for a moratorium or ban on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) altogether. The significance of this approval cannot be overstated, as it sets a regulatory precedent for other pending commercializations of genetically engineered animals and future axioms of molecular and synthetic biology.
In this article, I identify and evaluate some of the leading arguments for and against the adoption of GM salmon on store shelves, and this product’s position in terms of deep ecology, the precautionary principle, virtue ethics, and non-anthropocentrism. I rely on this pluralistic presentation to ensure that the key aspects are recognized, and that possible consequences are assessed from a plurality of positions to avoid a one-eyed perception of the topic and allow judgments to be made on a rational and informed basis, all ethical concerns considered
A Fish By Any Other Name Would Taste as Sweet: Applied Ethics of Transgenic Fish Commercialization
No full textModern aquaculture has grown into a vital industry over the past half-century, such that it now supplies half of all the fish we consume. Nevertheless, it has been found to cause significant economic, environmental, and health problems, while commercial fishing has led to the decline in wild fish stocks. In response to this dilemma and the growing demand, AquaBounty Technologies has created a genetically modified “AquAdvantage” Atlantic salmon using foreign genetic elements from the ocean pout and Chinook Pacific salmon, in hopes of improving their fish farming efficiency. These modifications allow the AquAdvantage salmon to grow twice as fast as their domesticated counterparts and four times as fast as their wild brethren.
The recent approval for commercialization of the AquAdvantage salmon as the first genetically modified animal by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the U.S. market has sparked substantial controversy, with no small number of people urging for a moratorium or ban on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) altogether. The significance of this approval cannot be overstated, as it sets a regulatory precedent for other pending commercializations of genetically engineered animals and future axioms of molecular and synthetic biology.
In this article, I identify and evaluate some of the leading arguments for and against the adoption of GM salmon on store shelves, and this product’s position in terms of deep ecology, the precautionary principle, virtue ethics, and non-anthropocentrism. I rely on this pluralistic presentation to ensure that the key aspects are recognized, and that possible consequences are assessed from a plurality of positions to avoid a one-eyed perception of the topic and allow judgments to be made on a rational and informed basis, all ethical concerns considered
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Bogs, Bugs, Borgs, and Bacteriophages: Metagenomic and Biochemical Insights into the Enigmatic World of Extrachromosomal Genetic Elements
No full textAs a Ph.D. Candidate and National Science Foundation Predoctoral Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, working in the labs of Dr. Jillian Banfield and Dr. Jennifer Doudna, I have dedicated my Ph.D. to the discovery and investigation of novel extrachromosomal elements and tools for biotechnological applications through a combination of genomics and biochemistry.The first chapter of this thesis uncovers 10 new clades of the largest bacteriophages ever found across many ecosystems worldwide, with genome sizes rivaling those of the smallest bacteria. We found that the phages are not only equipped with a wide variety of features typically associated with life and cellular organisms such as ribosomal proteins, tRNA synthetases and initiation and elongation factors, but also some of the viruses intriguingly utilize alternative genetic codes to translate their proteins. Notably, I discovered that the huge phage genomes encode CRISPR-Cas systems that may be used for inter-viral warfare. Some of these are miniature, previously undescribed CRISPR-Cas systems that are about half of the size of Cas9. This work was published in Nature.
The second chapter describes the analysis and testing of one of the novel phage CRISPR-Cas systems, CRISPR-CasΦ, that we have shown can indeed exclude mobile elements such as plasmids from infecting the same host cell despite their small size, and can be applicable for programmable genome editing in bacterial, plant, and mammalian cells as the most compact functional CRISPR-Cas systems to date, potentially circumventing cell delivery barriers exhibited with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Intriguingly, the CRISPR-CasΦ system exhibited a previously undescribed consolidation of chemistries in a Cas nuclease as the RuvC active site mediated both double-stranded DNA cleavage and RNA processing in a metal-dependent manner. This work was published in Science.
The third chapter examines the discovery of enigmatic giant linear extrachromosomal elements, which we refer to as “Borgs”, inhabiting archaea. These elements that are about 1 Mbp long were recovered from multiple environments and may play a previously unrecognized role in controlling greenhouse gas emissions. Their genomes are represented in 2 uneven replichores, with inverted repeats >1.5kbp long on either end and dozens of tandem repeats throughout their genomes. They contain no obvious hallmarks of previously reported viruses or plasmids, and ~80% of their genes consist of novel and uncharacterized proteins. Our analysis of horizontal gene transfer suggests that many ribosomal, metabolic, and extracellular electron transfer genes and operons recently transferred from their hosts, including the nif operon for Nitrogen fixation and the MCR complex which was recently proposed to be involved in oxidation of methane. Evidence also suggests recent recombination events between different Borgs presumably within the same host cell. This work is currently in review at Nature.
The fourth chapter describes an open-science effort for robust viral discovery computational pipelines driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. Working with a truly collaborative global team of bioinformaticians, this work describes the discovery of over 100,000 species of viruses to which I have contributed novel huge phage genomes. This manuscript was published in Nature.
The final chapter examines the discovery of thousands of viruses encoding CRISPR-Cas systems, many of which target competing cryptic mobile elements that are predicted to infect the same bacterial hosts. From genome-resolved metagenomics and bioinformatics-enabled phylogenetic insights to biochemistry, structural biology, and eukaryotic genome editing, I describe hundreds of novel hypercompact and divergent CRISPR-Cas systems, with special consideration towards the novel Casλ family. Casλ possesses an aberrant RNA structure reminiscent of a naturally-occurring sgRNA and processes its own crRNA at the 3’ end, unlike any previously described single-RNA CRISPR-Cas system. The tertiary structure determined via cryo-EM reveals the machinery for PAM recognition, hybrid assembly, and DNA cleavage. RNA-targeting systems on viruses lack crucial residues or accessory proteins that would, in their bacterial counterparts, result in acute abortive infection, suggesting a potential strategy for phage systems to maintain host viability while preventing superinfection. In addition to their streamlined nature that is advantageous for cellular delivery, hypercompact phage systems can produce efficient genome editing in endogenous genes in mammalian and plant cells on par with, or in some cases, exceeding gold-standard Cas12a editing, demonstrating significant utility for biotechnological applications.Overall, this dissertation describes the use of a combination of bioinformatics and biochemistry to shed light on gigantic bacterial viruses, the proteins they encode on their genomes, and elements such as Borgs which we are only beginning to understand. Huge phages and Borgs represent little-known biology, the platforms for which are distinct from previously known systems, and significantly broaden our overall understanding of “non-living” selfish genetic entities. The metagenomic discovery and biochemical and structural characterization of hypercompact CRISPR-Cas systems in addition to analyses of their genome editing utility in eukaryotic cells pave the road for efficacious delivery of treatments to human cells in the near future
Qilādat al-jawāhir fī dhikr al-Ghawth al-Rifāʻī wa-atbāʻih al-akābir
No full textA book on Sufism on the Rifa'i way, in which the author collects virtues, conditions, dignity, sayings, behavior, method, and the realizations of the truth of Sheikh Ahmed Muhyi al-Din Abu al-Abbas al-Kabeer al-Rifa'i. Furthermore, the user talked about the widespread support he receives from his followers and the key aspects of his method
Determining the delay factors for reconstructed mega-project’s phases and the associated challenges / Basem Adnan Al Khatib
No full textIn recent decades, the construction industry has developed rapidly. Delays in construction projects are a common phenomenon throughout industry. It was and remains one of the most important challenges negatively affecting not only this industry but also the economy. Many studies were conducted to identify the delay factors in new construction projects in different regions, but very few have focused on finding an explanation for the delay causes in reconstruction projects. The study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the delay factors in mega reconstruction projects which took place recently in the Middle East, namely Mataf Expansion Project in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. This project consists of two main parts, nonhistorical and historical and it clarifies the difficulties facing this type of reconstruction projects, which combine demolition and construction works at the same time while the project is under operation. In order to achieve the study goal, twenty-nine interviews were held with the experts working on the project to identify the delay factors and ninety-three questionnaires were distributed by hand to sort them. The results showed that these factors could be divided into three groups: the first one is related to the demolition phase and the second is related to construction phase, while the last is related to overall reconstruction duration. In addition, it has been observed that the materials challenges are considered the major delay factor in the historical building of this project. The questionnaire results were analyzed and delay factors were sorted in a descending order according to the relative importance index (RII). The three main factors affecting the overall reconstruction project duration were site conditions and constraints, electrical and mechanical rerouting works, and design constructability and modification. Finally, recommendations were provided to bridge or reduce the negative impacts of the delay factors in future reconstruction projects
Ash-Shuo'a" the UNDIVIDED by Imam Omar Bin Abdulaziz Al-Boukhary in the Hanafi School
No full textThis research treating a study and investigation of the book titled "Ash-Shuo'a" THE UNDIVIDED by Imam Omar Bin Abdulaziz Al-Boukhary in the Hanafi school. It contains an Introduction and two chapters, the introduction displays the reasons for choosing the research title, it's important, the previous studies, its objectives, its methodology and the abstract. The first chapter: the theoretical contains two themes. The first identify the author, the second identify the investigated book. The second chapter: the investigation which includes the methodology followed in the investigation of manuscript, the photos and the investigation of the book. Finally, I have showed the most important results and recommendations. Also, I mentioned the index of resources and references used in study and investigation
Musical Instruments in Al-Jahiz
No full textفي كتابات الجاحظ، تناول أديب العرب الجاحظ قضايا الموسيقى والطرب والغناء. كان الجاحظ معروفًا بعلمه وأدبه، وكتب العديد من الأعمال التي تسلط الضوء على جوانب الحياة المترفة في المجتمع. كتب كتابًا بعنوان "أخلاق المغنين" وآخر بعنوان "المغنين والغناء والصنعة". في هذه الكتب، دافع الجاحظ عن الغناء كفن فني، ورأى أنه يمتلك قواعد وأسسًا علمية تشابه مع غيره من الفنون والآداب. كان يروج للغناء باعتباره متعة فنية. وعلى الرغم من انتمائه للمعتزلة، إلا أن الجاحظ كان مشجعًا للغناء ومغنين، وكتب عن أخلاقهم وفنونهم. وفي رسالته "القيان"، تناول الجاحظ تأثير بيوت القيان والقيان نفسهن في المجتمع الإسلامي، حيث أشار إلى الفسق والعشق والفجور الذي قد ينتج عن هذا التأثير. بشكل عام، تركت كتابات الجاحظ أثرًا مهمًا في فهمنا لثقافة الموسيقى والطرب والغناء في العصور القديمة.In his writings, the Arab author Al-Jahiz addressed issues related to music, Tarab (a genre of music), and singing. Al-Jahiz was known for his knowledge and literature, and he wrote numerous works that shed light on the luxurious aspects of society. He authored a book titled "Ethics of Singers" and another titled "Singers, Singing, and the Craft." In these books, Al-Jahiz defended singing as an artistic form and believed that it possessed scientific principles and foundations similar to other arts and literature. He promoted singing as a pleasurable art form. Despite his affiliation with the Mu\u27tazila school of thought, Al-Jahiz was a supporter of singing and singers, and he wrote about their ethics and arts. In his treatise "Al-Qiyan," Al-Jahiz discussed the influence of courtesans and their households on Islamic society, pointing to the immorality, passion, and vice that may result from this influence. Overall, Al-Jahiz\u27s writings have had a significant impact on our understanding of music, Tarab, and singing in ancient times
Theoretical Insights of History, Morality, and Society as the Literary Trio of the Author-Reader Relationship.
No full textThis paper attempts to examine the relationship between the author and the reader by polarizing history, morality, and society as a selected triad of theoretical interpretation. The study mainly focuses on the theoretical insights of these relationships in order to give proper clues for delving deep into the technical and thematic peculiarities of different literary genres. Therefore, it follows a qualitative approach to some fictional works, particularly novels, to demonstrate how the authorial perspective intersects with the reader’s ability to grasp the latent textual messages projected by authors in the course of the plots. The relationship between the author and the reader will be limited to three related topics, namely, history, morality, and society. As for history, the study sheds light on the postcolonial attributes of literature to reveal the function of liberal humanism in bridging the gap between the colonized people and the colonizers. Morality, on the other hand, will be discussed to explore the relative view of morality by authors and how the reader might conceptualize it according to his/her cultural background. Lastly, the discussion of society will be limited to the social customs and norms approached by authors to deliver a comprehensive depiction of the social reality in which the reader lives his/her true life
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