56 research outputs found
An historiographical appraisal of the writings of Nicolas M. Zernov.
No full textPurpose of the Study; The purpose of this study is to place the writings of Nicolas M. Zernov in their proper relationship to Russian historical and protest literature, and to provide a synthesis of Zernov's numerous publications that deal with Russian history. With the exception of the family chronicle, no work on Zernov has been published, and the chronicle does not include an analysis of his writings or the place of those writings in any Russian literary tradition.
Procedure: The author examined all of the available references, both primary and secondary, which pertained to Zernov and Russian historiography.
The references included Zernov's writings, both articles and books, and an interview with Zernov at Oxford in March,1975.
The works on Russian historiography came, primarily from the Staatsbibliothek, the library of the Seminarfuer Geschichte Osteuropas, the library of the Seminarfuer Slavische Philologie, and the Universitaetsbibliothek
Muenchen, all of which are located in Munich, West Germany. Other libraries used included those at Baylor University, Southern Methodist University,and the University of Texas at Austin. The private collections of Dr. Wallace Daniel and myself were also researched.
Findings: Zernov's approach to Russian history has been basically different from that of other Russian historians. For him, the historical narrative was the medium through which he presented a moral approach to politics and socia lrelationships. Using the social and political institutions of Kiev as the ideal, Zernov compared and criticized the subsequent periods of Russian history. Zernov's descriptions reflected
his consistent criticism of Western secularism and his belief in the spiritual mission of Russian Orthodoxy. Such pronouncements place Zernov squarely within the protest tradition of Russian literature.
Conclusion; Zernov's writings represented a marriage of the political traditions of Western democratic liberalism and the spiritualism of the Slavophiles and Russian Orthodoxy. Zernov gave a moral and ethical interpretation of the political and social institutions of Russian history. He called for the union of Russian Orthodox spirituality and morality and the democratic political institutions of the West
Zwischen Nation und Panarabismus: Die innenpolitische Entwicklung in Syrien und Irak von der Unabhängigkeit bis zum Jahr 2000
No full textReceptor-like kinases and pathogen-associated molecular patterns perception in Arabidopsis
No full textComparable to the innate immune response in mammals and insects, plants possess highly specific and sensitive recognition systems for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as bacterial flagellin. In Arabidopsis, perception of flagellin occurs via recognition of the most conserved domain in its N-terminus, represented by the peptide flg22. Perception of this elicitor-active domain depends on the LRR receptor kinase FLS2. Here, using transcriptome analysis in Arabidopsis, we first present evidences that treatment with flg22, bacteria or avirulence proteins are similar, and that virulent bacteria are likely to suppress flg22-induced responses (Chapter 1). Second, we demonstrated that flagellin perception contributes to the basal resistance against bacteria, as fls2 mutants are more susceptible to bacterial infection, proving for the first time that perception of a single PAMP is sufficient to restrict bacterial growth (Chapter 2). This study also showed that PAMPs other than flagellin trigger resistance against virulent bacteria. Wild-type and fls2 mutants both display enhanced resistance when treated with crude bacterial extracts, even devoid of elicitor-active flagellin, indicating the existence of functional perception systems for PAMPs other than flagellin. One of these novel PAMPs was just identified as the elongation factor EF-Tu, and the corresponding active peptidic epitope identified (Appendix 1). FLS2 constituted so far the only PAMP receptor identified in Arabidopsis. Using ATH1 Affymetrix arrays, we identified about 1000 genes whose expression was induced 30 minutes after flg22 treatment (Chapter 2). Strikingly, among these induced genes there were 106 RLK out of the 610 RLK genes present in Arabidopsis. We hypothesize that the perception of a single PAMP (e.g. flg22) could enhance the sensitivity of the plant to microbial stimuli sensing the presence of invading microorganisms. In particular, some of the induced RLKs might be involved in the recognition of other PAMPs. We generated a collection of mutants for the induced LRR-RLKs to test the implication of the corresponding proteins in innate immune responses (Chapter 3.1). This approach led to the discovery of the EF-Tu receptor (Chapter 3.2) and suggested a new role for the previously described BAK1 gene in flg22- and probably elf18-signaling (Chapter 3.3)
Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis
No full textMultiple sclerosis is a common disease of the central nervous system in which the interplay between inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes typically results in intermittent neurological disturbance followed by progressive accumulation of disability. Epidemiological studies have shown that genetic factors are primarily responsible for the substantially increased frequency of the disease seen in the relatives of affected individuals, and systematic attempts to identify linkage in multiplex families have confirmed that variation within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) exerts the greatest individual effect on risk. Modestly powered genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled more than 20 additional risk loci to be identified and have shown that multiple variants exerting modest individual effects have a key role in disease susceptibility. Most of the genetic architecture underlying susceptibility to the disease remains to be defined and is anticipated to require the analysis of sample sizes that are beyond the numbers currently available to individual research groups. In a collaborative GWAS involving 9,772 cases of European descent collected by 23 research groups working in 15 different countries, we have replicated almost all of the previously suggested associations and identified at least a further 29 novel susceptibility loci. Within the MHC we have refined the identity of the HLA-DRB1 risk alleles and confirmed that variation in the HLA-A gene underlies the independent protective effect attributable to the class I region. Immunologically relevant genes are significantly overrepresented among those mapping close to the identified loci and particularly implicate T-helper-cell differentiation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Capulopsyche keralensis Unnikrishnan & Sobczyk & Jose & Jose 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Capulopsyche keralensis</i> sp. nov. <p>(Figs. 1–10)</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> <b>Holotype,</b> ♂ India, Kerala, Idukki, Nariyampara, 9.7424° N, 77.0939° E, 28.xi.2022, with larval case, leg. Usha A U (Fig. 1). Holotype will be deposited at the Zoological Survey of India Museum, Calicut, Kerala after submission of thesis of the first author and is at present at St. Thomas College, Thrissur.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes:</b> 2 ♀, (both with larval case) same data as holotype, 16.xii.2021, leg. Usha, A. U. (Fig. 2 a–b); 2♂ (both with larval case) same data as holotype, 30.xi.2022, leg. Usha, A. U.; additional 24 larval cases with pupal exuviae, same data as paratypes, leg. Usha, A. U.; 4 larval cases with pupal exuviae, Nelliyampathy, Palakkad, Kerala, 10.5013° N, 76.6768° E, 15.ii.2022, leg. Usha, A. U. (Figs. 2 a–b).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> See the diagnosis for the genus.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific epithet <i>keralensis</i> is derived from the state of Kerala in India. The binomial <i>Capulopsyche keralensis</i> means ‘coffee psychid of Kerala’.</p> <p> <b>Description. Male</b>. Small-sized brownish black moth, wingspan 8–8.4 mm, body length 2.9 mm, forewing length 3.7mm including fringes, width 1.4 mm.</p> <p> <i>Head</i>. Vestiture yellowish brown, the base of the antennae thickly covered with dark yellowish-brown scales with bidentate apices. Antennae total length 1.7 mm, flagellomeres with 24 segments (Fig. 3). EI 1.13 mm.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i>. Reddish brown, barely covered with scales on the dorsal side. Forewings covered with dark brown scales mixed with yellowish scales (Fig. 4). Scales broad (class 5–6), with 5-8 tips. The darker scales are mainly in the area of the front and outer margin and are partly arranged in irregular transverse bands. Fringes dark, wide, multi-pointed Hindwings dark greyish brown (Fig. 4), slightly lighter at the base. Width 1.4 mm, WI 2.6 mm. Wing venation as described for genus (Figs 5 a–b).</p> <p> <i>Abdomen</i>. Small, covered with blackish scales, length 1.6 mm.</p> <p> <i>Leg</i>. As described for the genus (Figs 6 a–c).</p> <p> <i>Genitalia</i>. Length 0.46 mm. Valva broad, curved inwardly, surmounting the posterior border of the tegumen, rounded distally, with numerous setae. Sacculus attached basally, ending in a strong curved spine. Phallus short, tubular, length 0.23 mm. (Fig. 7).</p> <p> <i>Female.</i> Length 2.5–3 mm. Body pale yellowish, around the abdomen loosely covered with very narrow, distally rounded brownish black scales. Eyes are very small, EI 2.3 mm. Legs short, reduced. Femur and tibia present, tarsi reduced to 2-3 segments, with two prominent claws, pale yellowish brown. Antenna short, filiform, 0.5 mm long, with 6-9 different scaled segments. The two basal segments are wider than the others. The distal end of the abdomen with long ovipositor, surrounded by an anal hair-tuft consisting of long golden-brown hairlike scales.</p> <p> <i>Larva</i>. (Fig. 8a and b) Body whitish cream, head distinctly sclerotized, first and second thoracic segment dark brown, strongly sclerotized dorsally, third thoracic segment more strongly sclerotized at the posterior margin. The abdominal segments were without sclerotized fields, the anal shield only slightly more sclerotized. Fully grown larva 4 mm in length.</p> <p> <i>Male and female pupal exuvia</i>. (Figs. 9 a–b) Dark golden-brown, male exuvia 3.0– 3.5mm in length and 1 mm in width, female exuvia 3.8–4.0 mm in length and 1.5 mm in width.</p> <p>A single row of spines dorsally on abdominal segments IV-VIII. The spines are directed backwards. Each row is comb-like and with numerous tiny hair-like spines. These spines probably serve to fix the pupa, and later to move it towards the exit and to hold it in place during emergence. In female pupae, the spines are shorter and reduced.</p> <p> <i>Larval case</i>. (Figs. 10 a–b) The larval case of this species is an elongated tube-like, wrapped with a sheath made up of bark tissues from the trees. An adult male case has a length of 12–13 mm, and the width of the outer sheath is 5–6 mm. Female case has a 15–16 mm length and 6–7 mm width, and the attached thread of each case is 7–9 mm long. Double-walled larval cases reported from Psychidae are the triangular larval cases of <i>Diplodoma</i> Zeller, 1852 which also hung up on threads. But in <i>Diplodoma</i>, the inner case has a distinctive triangular shape and is not visible from the outside. The outer case also has a triangular basic shape in cross-section.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Larval and pupal cases were collected from the coffee plantations of two localities from Kerala state, Nariyampara and Nelliyampathy of Idukki and Palakkad districts (Fig. 11) respectively. Pupal cases were seen hung on the twigs and und <i>er</i> side of leaves of the <i>Coffea arabica</i> plant (Fig. 12).Altitude at the sites of the collection was 960 m and 887 mASL. Both collection sites were situated inside private coffee plantations. The soil type of the region is described as ‘Clayey mixed ustic pale humults and rock land(very deep,well-drained,clayey soil on moderately steeply sloping high hills with thin vegetation, with moderate erosion, associated with rock outcrops and deep well-drained gravelly loam soils on gentle slopes) in Soil Maps of India (1996). In Nelliyampathy the summer temperature ranges from 20°C to 33°C and in winter15°C to28°C. In Nariyampara the average temperature is20°C.Summer temperatures range from 19°C to 29°C and winter temperatures are in the range of 15°C to 24°C. Average rainfall according to Centre for Earth Studies Resource Atlas of Kerala (1984) for South West Monsoon is 150 cm at Nariyampara and 250 cm at Nelliyampathy. For both sites, Northeast Monsoon was 40 cm and ‘Other rains’ was reported as 30–50 cm.</p> <p> <b>Biology.</b> The larvae of this species were found scraping on the bark of trees, they seem to feed on the bark tissues and depositions (algae) on the bark. The pupal cases are attached by a thread to the branches and underside of the leaves of plants (Fig. 12).</p> <p>The life span of an emerged male adult was up to 4 to 5 days. There are many eggs wrapped with silken cases were seen inside the female cases, and female adults lay eggs using their ovipositor inside the case after mating. Each yellow-coloured egg was found wrapped inside loosely spun silken cocoons. Eggs clustered together to form a group egg mass (Fig. 13) inside the sheath of the case. The larval case is made of silk and covered with bark tissues, and other substances present in the bark.</p> <p> <b>DNA barcode and phylogenetic analysis.</b> COI sequencing of the species collected from the two locations Nariyampara and Nelliyampathy was done and the sequences have 641 and 654 base pairs respectively. The sequences were uploaded in the NCBI GenBank with the accession numbers OP960232 and OP957497.</p> <p> The evolutionary relationship is depicted in the tree with the highest log likelihood (-3908,46) (Fig. 14). Based on the tree constructed using these two COI genes and other available species from GenBank and BOLD SYSTEMS, a hypothetical taxonomic unit representing a Taleporiinae ancestor splits into two branches with three genera <i>Bankesia</i>, <i>Pseudobankesia</i>, and <i>Taleporia</i> forming one group and <i>Sciopetris melitensis</i> forming the second group with <i>Capulopsyche keralensis</i> <b>gen. et sp. nov.</b>. The distance between <i>S. melitensis</i> and <i>Capulopsyche keralensis</i> <b>gen. et sp. nov.</b> indicates that they are two distinct species. In addition <i>S. melitensis</i> is a Mediterranean palaearctic species.</p>Published as part of <i>Unnikrishnan, Usha Ayyath, Sobczyk, Thomas, Jose, Roby Thekkudan & Jose, Joyce, 2023, Capulopsyche keralensis gen. et sp. nov., a new genus and species of the subfamily Taleporiinae (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) from Kerala, India, pp. 270-284 in Zootaxa 5258 (3)</i> on pages 272-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5258.3.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7780180">http://zenodo.org/record/7780180</a>
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