1,720,974 research outputs found
FDI AND TRADE: COMPLEMENTS OR SUBSTITUTES? EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES FROM 2001 TO 2012
No full textIl mio lavoro analizza empiricamente la relazione fra IDE (stock e flussi in uscita) ed esportazioni per 75 paesi fra il 2001 e il 2012. Nel primo capitolo vengono esaminate la letteratura economica sulle determinanti degli IDE e la questione della complementarità o sostituibilità fra IDE e commercio internazionale; nel secondo capitolo vengono descritti alcuni elementi di Analisi Reticolare (AR) e, infine, il terzo e quarto capitolo, analizzano empiricamente l’evoluzione delle strutture di IDE e delle esportazioni e le loro determinanti.
I risultati confermano che (1) solo una piccola parte degli IDE e delle esportazioni possibili è in atto. Questa circostanza rende il fenomeno della globalizzazione poco realistico, facendo emergere alcuni attori centrali (i.e. US, China; Germany); (2) tradizionali fattori gravitazionali, come il PIL e la distanza, determinano significativamente gli IDE; la lingua comune è anche significativamente correlata agli IDE; i coefficienti delle altre variabili sono meno stabili; (3) le esportazioni e gli IDE sono strutturalmente simili e livelli precedenti di esportazioni sono negativamente correlati con gli IDE. I risultati suggeriscono sostituibilità fra le esportazioni e gli IDE confermando la contraddittorietà della questione.My thesis deals with the empirical analysis of the relationship between FDI (outflows and outstocks) and exports for 75 countries between 2001 and 2012. In the first chapter I review the economic literature on FDI determinants, hence I detail the complementarity/substitutability between FDI and trade; in the second chapter I describe some Social Network Analysis tools and finally in the third and fourth chapters I investigate empirically the evolution of the structures of FDI and exports and their determinants.
Results show that (1) a large part of world FDI and exports is excluding all “potential” FDI flows and a small quota of all possible links has taken place, making the globalisation phenomenon far away to be realistic with few central players (i.e. US, China, Germany); (2) traditional gravity factors, such as GDP and distance, significantly determine FDI; common language is also significantly related to FDI; the coefficients for the other variables are less stable; (3) exports and FDI are similarly structured and previous levels of exports negatively affect FDI, suggesting the substitutability between FDI and exports and the puzzling issue of FDI and trade relationship
Economic Aspects of the complementarity between Corruption and Crime: Evidence from Italy in the period 1996-2005.
Full text linkThis paper empirically investigates the connection between corruption and crime. Such linkage has been often underestimated because corruption has been often analyzed as a white-collar crime. In fact it is not characterized by violence. Recently a theoretical connection has been suggested to highlight that corruption and crime can be considered strategic complements. This paper, therefore, delves into the link between corruption and crime investigating empirically this relation for Italian regions in the period 1996-2005. Results show that current crime is positively associated with past levels of corruption. This somehow confirms the complementary relationship between the two illicit phenomena
Exports and FDI: comparing networks in the new millennium
No full textTrade and foreign direct investments (FDI) represent the real and the capital side of international economic integration, recently challenged by the late 2000s worldwide economic crisis and by new scepticisms against globalisation.
The economic literature on the description of world trade network (WTN) is wide, but few analyses have been carried out so far on world investment networks (WIN), since FDI data suitable for comparison are very scarce and very complex to collect. In this analysis we exploit a database (FDI Bilateral Statistics by UNCTAD (UNCTAD, 2014), in order to compare WTN and WIN in the first decade of the new millennium, before and after 2008 economic crisis.
We focus on the dynamics of Exports and bilateral outward FDI stocks networks from 2001 to 2012 among 75 countries, representing 96.5% of world GDP and about 81% of world population in 2012.
Results show that these networks are very similar: completely integrated with no isolated nodes when original data are used to analyse the networks (confirming the complexity of global value chain), and a relatively sub-group of countries connected to a unique largest component when the threshold level is increased. Since 2008, the economic crisis affected exclusively Exports, but later on the rise of economic connections continuously increased over time.
The key players in WIN and WTN are stable: USA, Germany and China are leaders for Exports, while USA, Germany and France for FDI. In addition, countries do not match randomly: all networks are disassortative with respect to degree, but assortative according to geography and (partially) to economic development.
Finally, WIN and WTN links are mutual in all networks, confirming that once a link is established, it is easier to maintain all kinds of commercial relations. Concluding there is a positive association between couplets of WTN and WIN networks, conjecturing that FDI and Exports networks could be complements, rather than substitute
Italian small arms exports: between incentives and international sanctions
Full text linkThis paper empirically investigates the determinants of Italian Small Arms and Light Weapons (hereafter SALW) exports to 143 polities from 1990 to 2017. We focus in particular on three aspects: (1) the economic drivers of SALW exports by means of a standard gravity equation of trade; (2) the internal characteristics of the importer country, namely the degree of militarization and the attitude to violence exerted by government against citizens; (3) the impact of international constraints on SALW trade by highlighting in particular EU and UN embargoes. We estimate the empirical models for total exports but also distinguishing between the two sub-categories of military and sporting SALW. Findings highlight that (1) there is a complementarity between Italian exports and the importer’s military expenditure; (2) there is a correlation between Italian exports of SALW and both a disregard for physical integrity and a potential for military influence over the government in the importing country; (3) international embargoes reduce substantially Italian SALW exports; (4) UN and EU embargoes seem to have a different impact; (5) There is no evidence of sanctions-busting. In broader terms, this study highlights that unlike the standard patterns observed for civilian goods, political and military factors matter substantially for the international trade of SALW
The words that keep people apart: official language and accountability
Full text linkThis paper examines how the distance between a country’s official language and the languages spoken by its citizens influences accountability. Two arguments support this relationship: first, the role of language as a tool for communication between elites and citizens; and second, its role in shaping cultural patterns thatunderpin social interactions. Using a dataset of 147 countries, we reveal a consistent negative correlation between linguistic distance and levels of accountability across all measures. Higher educational attainment can mitigate the negative impact of a foreign official language on accountability
Text Analytics Can Predict Contract Fairness, Transparency and Applicability
No full textThere is a growing attention, in the research communities of political economics, onto the potential of text analytics in classifying documents with economic content. This interest extends the data analytics approach that has been the traditional base for economic theory with scientific perspective. To devise a general method for prediction applicability, we identify some phases of a methodology and perform tests on a large well-structured repository of resource contracts containing documents related to resources. The majority of these contracts involve mining resources. In this paper we prove that, by the usage of text analytics measures, we can cluster these documents on three indicators: fairness of the contract content, transparency of the document themselves, and applicability of the clauses of the contract intended to guarantee execution on an international basis. We achieve these results, consistent with a gold-standard test obtained with human experts, using text similarity b ased on the basic notions of bag of words, the index tf-idf, and three distinct cut-off measures
Exploring the relationship between military engagement and income inequality in the LAC region (1990-2022)
Full text linkInternational Economic Integration: Comparing Exports and FDI Networks in the New Millennium
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