1,720,980 research outputs found
MSCS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE: WHY AND HOW DO THEY WORK?
Full text linkThe effective management of domestic animals, for their owners, requires sophisticated new treatments and preventive strategies. MSCs are the most promising candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. BM is the common source of MSCs for clinical applications in veterinary medicine. Alternatively, AT is used; it is ubiquitously available and has several advantages compared to BM. In fact, it is easily accessible in large quantities with minimal invasive harvesting procedures and yields a high amount of MSCs. However, for both sources, an invasive procedure is required and a large variability in cell yield related to the donor was demonstrated. Furthermore, they have limited potential in terms of in vitro proliferation capability and do not appear to noticeably improve long-term functionality compared to MSCs derived from extra-fetal tissues. Foetal adnexa represent a MSCs source readily available and easily procured, without invasive procedures. MSCs from foetal adnexa are defined as an intermediate between embryonic (ESCs) and adult SCs, due to the preservation of some characteristics typical of the primitive native layers. Among foetal adnexal tissues, the major sources of MSCs are: umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, amniotic membrane, Wharton’s Jelly. Both in human and domestic animals, MSCs from these sources may be useful for immediate use or in later stages of life, after cryopreservation in cell banks.
As previously reported in human, also in domestic animals, MSCs are a population of multipotent cells that meet the following criteria: plastic adherence when maintained in standard culture conditions; differentiation toward different cell types in vitro; expression of CD105, CD73, CD90, lack of CD45, CD14, CD11b, CD79a, CD19, major histocompatibility complex surface molecules. Usually, clinical treatments with MSCs are based on their transplantation but only a small percentage of them engraft successfully. The ability of equine adult MSCs, IFN- gamma and TNG-alpha stimulated, to secrete numerous soluble mediators, implicated in the inhibition of T-cell proliferation, was demonstrated. Moreover, the presence of active genes specific for anti-inflammatory and angiogenic factors was recently observed in non-stimulated cells derived from equine amniotic membrane and Wharton’s jelly. In addition, recent findings indicate that EVs are released in culture medium from domestic animals MSCs, derived from both adult tissues and fetal adnexa. In a preliminary study in vitro, the possible use of EVs in equine endometrial and tendon pathologies was evaluated. Furthermore, because of their capacity to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules and to deliver them, EVs from MSCs have been considered as drug delivery systems, and a preliminary study was conducted on canine MSCs. As reported in the literature, MSCs from different sources have different characteristics that may drive their therapeutic use. These could be noteworthy for domestic animals as well as for other mammalian species, including humans
Current Status on Canine Foetal Fluid and Adnexa Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Full text linkEffective standards of care treatment guidelines have been developed for many canine diseases. However, a subpopulation of patients is partially or completely refractory to these protocols, so their owners seek novel therapies such as treatments with MSCs. Although in dogs, as with human medicine, the most studied MSCs sources have been bone marrow and adipose tissue, in recent years, many researchers have drawn attention towards alternative sources, such as foetal adnexa and fluid, since they possess many advantages over bone marrow and adipose tissue. Foetal adnexa and fluid could be considered as discarded material; therefore, sampling is non-invasive, inexpensive and free from ethical considerations. Furthermore, MSCs derived from foetal adnexa and fluid preserve some of the characteristics of the primitive embryonic layers from which they originate and seem to present immune-modulatory properties that make them a good candidate for allo- and xenotransplantation. The aim of the present review is to offer an update on the state of the art on canine MSCs derived from foetal adnexa and fluid focusing on the findings in their clinical settin
IN VITRO DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE OF HORSE OOCYTES WITH DIFFERENT CUMULUS MORPHOLOGY
Full text linkIn vitro production of equine embryos by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is gaining interest, and both commercial and research applications have rapidly increased worldwide. Oocyte collection from excised ovaries is generally performed using one of two methods: aspiration and scraping. Aspiration has been found to give a lower recovery rate [1] and to yield oocytes largely denuded of cumulus, when compared to scraping [2]. For commercial programs, oocytes are typically recovered from live mares using transvaginal ultrasound- guided aspiration. Despite the high number of oocytes with only corona radiata (CR) collected by aspiration (in vivo or ex vivo), most studies classify horse oocytes simply as having a compact (CP) or expanded (EX) cumulus, without considering oocytes with only CR. In the only study [3] classifying horse oocytes as having CP, EX, or partial cumulus investments, no data on embryo production were available. The aim of this study was to investigate the embryo developmental ability after ICSI of horse cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) presenting only CR as compared to CP and EX COCs. Horse oocytes were collected by follicular aspiration of abattoir-derived ovaries. After classification into EX, CP or CR COCs, they were in vitro matured for 26 h in DMEM-F12 supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 50 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 100 ng/ml insulin-like growth factor 1, 0.1 IU/mL pFSH-LH (Pluset). At the end of the maturation period oocytes were denuded and classified as mature, immature or degenerate. MII oocytes were fertilized by piezo-drill ICSI using frozen-thawed semen from the same stallion, and in vitro cultured in SOF medium for 7.5 days. Culture medium was refreshed every 3 days and on day 6 of culture 5% FBS was added. At day 7.5 of in vitro culture, embryos were stained with 1 μg/mL bisbenzimide fluorescent dye (Hoechst 33342) to assess the number of nuclei and classify them. Maturation rate, cleavage rate and morula/blastocyst rates were recorded; data were statistically analysed using a Chi Square test (IBM SPSS Statistics 23) and significance was assessed for P<0.05. The experiment included 14 replicates. A total of 611 oocytes were used. Overall maturation rate was 60.2%. MII, immature and degenerate oocyte rates were not statistically different (P>0.05) among different COC morphologies (MII 61.7% vs. 57.6% vs. 59.3% for EX, CP and CR COCs respectively). Cleavage rate was lower (P<0.05) for CR (42.1%) compared to CP (55.6%) but not significantly different from EX (54.3%), while morula/blastocyst development after 7.5 days of culture was similar (P>0.05) among groups (12.0% vs. 8.9% vs. 14.7% of injected oocytes for EX, CP and CR COCs respectively). In conclusion, even if CR COCs show a lower cleavage rate after ICSI, their developmental ability is similar to CP and EX COCs, demonstrating that they can be used as a useful source of embryos in the horse
Heterologous Wharton's Jelly Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Application on a Large Chronic Skin Wound in a 6-Month-Old Filly
Full text linkA complex feedback of growth factors, secreted by a variety of cell types, is responsible for the mediation of skin healing. Despite the recent advances in wound healing management, this fails up to 50% and skin wounds can still be considered one of the main causes of morbidity, both in human and veterinary medicine. Regenerative medicine, involving mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), is nowadays a promising solution for skin wound healing. Indeed, MSCs are involved in the modulation of the inflammatory local response and cell replacing, by a paracrine mode of action. Local application of equine umbilical cord Wharton's jelly MSCs (WJMSCS) was carried out in a 6-months-old filly with a non-healing skin wound. Heterologous WJMSCs were applied four times using a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) gel, produced dissolving CMC in autologous plasma. At first application the mean wound area was 7.28 ± 0.2 cm2. Four days after the last application of WJMSCs, the mean wound area was 1.90 ± 0.03 cm2, and the wound regression rate was +74%. No local or systemic side effects were registered after WJMSCs application and no evident exuberant scar was observed after wound healing. At discharge, the mean wound area was 0.38 ± 0.01 cm2 and the total regression rate was +80%. Five days later, the wound was completely healed. In the present clinical case report, the use of WJMSCs led to promising clinical results, paving the way for possible future applications in the treatment of chronic wounds in horses
An Update on Applications of Cattle Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Full text linkSIMPLE SUMMARY: Among livestock species, cattle are crucially important for the meat and milk production industry. Cows can be affected by different pathologies, such as mastitis, endometritis and lameness, which can negatively affect either food production or reproductive efficiency. The use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is a valuable tool both in the treatment of various medical conditions and in the application of reproductive biotechnologies. This review provides an update on state-of-the-art applications of bovine MSCs to clinical treatments and reproductive biotechnologies. ABSTRACT: Attention on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) research has increased in the last decade mainly due to the promising results about their plasticity, self-renewal, differentiation potential, immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties that have made stem cell therapy more clinically attractive. Furthermore, MSCs can be easily isolated and expanded to be used for autologous or allogenic therapy following the administration of either freshly isolated or previously cryopreserved cells. The scientific literature on the use of stromal cells in the treatment of several animal health conditions is currently available. Although MSCs are not as widely used for clinical treatments in cows as for companion and sport animals, they have the potential to be employed to improve productivity in the cattle industry. This review provides an update on state-of-the-art applications of bovine MSCs to clinical treatments and reproductive biotechnologies
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Shipping Temperature, Time and Media Effects on Equine Wharton’s Jelly and Adipose Tissue Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Characteristics
Full text linkSIMPLE SUMMARY: Today, the use of horse adipose tissue and Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in veterinary regenerative medicine represents a promising tool. Cells need to be isolated and expanded in vitro in the laboratory to obtain a sufficient amount for clinical application and its characterization. In many cases, laboratories and clinics where the therapy will be performed are in different and far-flung facilities, and the cells must therefore be shipped by a courier. The authors evaluated the effects of different storage conditions, in terms of temperature, time of storage and storage solutions on cell viability, cell growth, differentiation potential and molecular characteristics. The aim was to state the most appropriate storage conditions for transporting adipose tissue and Wharton’s jelly-derived stromal cells, ensuring the maintenance of the stemness features for therapeutic application in horses. ABSTRACT: To use Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) in equine patients, isolation and expansion are performed in a laboratory. Cells are then sent back to the veterinary clinic. The main goal of storage conditions during cell transport is to preserve their biological properties and viability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of storage solutions, temperature and time on the characteristics of equine adipose tissue and Wharton’s jelly-derived MSCs. We compared two different storage solutions (plasma and 0.9% NaCl), two different temperatures (4 °C and room temperature) and three time frames (6, 24, 48 h). Cell viability, colony-forming units, trilineage differentiation, the expression of CD45 and CD90 antigens and adhesion potentials were evaluated. Despite the molecular characterization and differentiation potential were not influenced by storage conditions, viability, colony-forming units and adhesion potential are influenced in different way, depending on MSCs sources. Overall, this study found that, despite equine adipose tissue MSCs being usable after 24 h of storage, cells derived from Wharton’s jelly need to be used within 6 h. Moreover, while for adipose cells the best conservation solutions seems to be plasma, the cell viability of Wharton’s jelly MSCs declined in both saline and plasma solution, confirming their reduced resistance to conservation
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