1,723,731 research outputs found
James Bankole to Brother (3 October 1962)
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Ebola epidemic: when science is not enough
No full textLSE’s Dr Bankole Falade examines how research on the oral polio vaccine controversy in Nigeria helps us to understand prevailing attitudes to the Ebola epidemic in West Africa
Articles, 2018
No full texthttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150172/2/objects.ziphttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150172/4/metadata.zi
Piracy and counterfeiting: the freedom to copy vs. intellectual property rights.
No full textPhDSince 1980, many countries have passed new intellectual property laws, or
revised their laws. The same period witnessed the birth of more trade
associations which work to combat unauthorised copying. Nonetheless, it is
estimated that piracy and counterfeiting still account for about 5% of world
trade. National responses to piracy and counterfeiting are often determined by
how deeply local interests are affected either way. Since the intellectual
property repertoire of most developing economies is usually much smaller than
that of industrialised economies, the costs to the former and the loss to the
latter often polarise the globe into the strong advocates of the intellectual
property system and those who advocate a freedom to copy.
This thesis which focuses primarily on Nigeria and the UK, suggests that the
concept of intellectual property is not alien to developing economies because
many pre-literate societies had recognised and protected intangible rights which
bear some semblance to the intellectual property system. Now, irrespective of
any influence the system may have had on economic growth in any country,
intellectual property has assumed ever greater economic significance - as a
trade issue within the context of GATT. Any country wishing to benefit from
GATT must respect the intellectual property rights of others. Fears that an
intellectual property system makes possible the abuse of a monopoly (that may
be created by virtue of intellectual property rights) are not justifiable because
of various measures, including rules of competition or anti-trust that can be
used to check any abuse of monopoly.
The thesis attempts to categorise infringers, demonstrates the harm caused
and suggests additional new criteria for liability particularly for those in a quasifiduciary
relationship with right holders such as licensees, agents, employees
and former business associates. It highlights some of the difficulties involved
in criminalising intellectual property infringements and suggests improvements.
It examines issues like the suitability of criminal sanctions to the breach of
unregistered marks or patents, the relevance of presumptions, the onus of proof
of a guilty mind and private prosecution.
The thesis explores some of the substantive and procedural aspects of TRIPS,
reveals gaps which may cause problems and recommends changes. The
procedural issues discussed include: inspection and seizure orders, border
control measures, the privilege against self-incrimination, and the absence of
specific obligations to grant Mareva orders or create special procedures or
courts for intellectual property. TRIPS' standards for patents, trade marks and
copyright are addressed primarily in the light of the pharmaceutical and
computer software industries.
Irrespective of good laws, effective action can only be taken if right holders, law
enforcement agents, judges, governments, WIPO and the World Trade
Organisation demonstrate a positive response to the intellectual property cause
Combined Epigenetic Drugs Elicit Neuroprotective Effects on Sex Dimorphic Features in ALS Mice
Get PDFAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder. There is no cure and current treatments fail to slow the progression of the disease. Epigenetic modulation in the acetylation state of NF-kB RelA and the histone 3 (H3) protein, involved in the development of neurodegeneration, is a drugable target for the class-I histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors, entinostat or valproate, and the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)-sirtuin 1 pathway activator, resveratrol. In this study, we demonstrated that the combination of valproate and resveratrol can restore the normal acetylation state of RelA in the SOD1(G93A) murine model of ALS, in order to obtain the neuroprotective form of NF-kB. We also investigated the sexually dimorphic development of the disease, as well as the sex-sensibility to the treatment administered. We showed that the combined drugs, which rescued AMPK activation, RelA and the histone 3 acetylation state, reduced the motor deficit and the disease pathology associated with motor neuron loss and microglial reactivity, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) level decline. Specifically, vehicle-administered males showed earlier onset and slower progression of the disease when compared to females. The treatment, administered at 50 days of life, postponed the time of onset in the male by 22 days, but not in a significant way in females. Nevertheless, in females, the drugs significantly reduced symptom severity of the later phase of the disease and prolonged the mice’s survival. Only minor beneficial effects were produced in the latter stage in males. Overall, this study shows a beneficial and sexually dimorphic response to valproate and resveratrol treatment in ALS mice
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